1. The Age of European Explorations
& Conquests

2. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Fame and fortune.

3. New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps - increased safety,
Astrolabe – determine what time it was (helped with speed, location)
Mariner’s Compass – determine N / S / E / W
Sextant – determine latitude (location)

4. New Weapons Technology

5. Prince Henry, the Navigator
Established a School for Navigation, 1419
Trained sailors, captains in navigation, seamanship
Developed caravel
Encouraged, sponsored Portuguese explorers

6. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487: rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) but didn’t make it to India
Vasco da Gama, 1498: first European to sail to India
Around Africa, across Indian Ocean to Calicut and Goa

7. Diaz’s Trip to India

8. Christofo Colon [1451-1506] Goal was to find westward passage to China
Christopher Columbus’ early life (Italian; at sea from age 10; to Spain in 1487)
Looked for sponsors for voyages (Leaders of Portugal; Genoa; Venice; England; Spain)

9. Columbus’ Four Voyages
When Columbus died, he was convinced that he had discovered a route to China & the Far East

10. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

11. Other Voyages of Exploration
Cabot: Italian
Working for English
Amerigo Vespucci:
Italian explored S.
America and lent
His name to the
Continent

12. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

13. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

14. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

15. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

16. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Quinine
TOBACCO
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE (corn)
Syphilis
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR
CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS

17. The Potato

18. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

19. Treasures from the Americas!

20. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

21. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

22. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

23. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

24. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

25. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

26. European Empires in the Americas

27. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

28. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the population and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

29. New Colonial Rivals

30. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.