1. THE EURO AND THE PROCESS OF DELEVERAGING IN THE EUROZONE Presented by A.G. Malliaris SOCIETY FOR POLICY MODELING Allied Social Science Associations Annual Meetings San Diego, California, January 3-6, 2013

2. Outline of Discussion The Financial Crisis of 2007-09 Real and Financial Factors Special Emphasis on Deleveraging Compare Japan During the 90s with the US and EU Now Key Lessons for the EU

3. The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-09 Began as a Subprime Debt Crisis in the US Global Credit Boom Ends Housing and Equity Bubbles Burst Balance Sheets of Households and Financial Institutions Are Out of Balance Real Sectors Contract; Unemployment Increases EU Sovereign Debt Crisis Follows Where Are We Now?

5. Lessons From Japan in the 90s Dual Bubbles Burst: Real Estate and Equity Markets Excessive Leverage in Corporate and Banking Sectors Prolonged Leverage Adjustment Persistent Slow Economic Activity Rapidly Rising Government Debt Major Correction in Asset Prices/Lost Decade

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11. Exhibit 4. US Economy Is still a Long Way from Previous Peak 11

12. Exhibit 5. Euro-Zone Economy Is still a Long Way from Previous Peak 12

23. Exhibit 11. Japan’s De-leveraging with Zero Interest Rates Lasted for 10 Years 23

24. Exhibit 10. Drastic Liquidity Injection Failed to Produce Drastic Increase in Money Supply (IV): Japan 24

25. Exhibit 12. Japan’s GDP Grew in spite of Massive Loss of Wealth and Private Sector De-leveraging 25

26. Key Lessons The Eurozone Faces Significant Challenges to Restore Banking Stability A Repair of the Financial Sector is a Precondition for Economic Growth Sovereign Debt Crisis for Several Members Remains a Major Concern EU as the US and Unlike Japan During the 90s Has a Good Corporate Sector The Weakness of the Euro Contributes to EU competitiveness