1. Those Scaly Reptiles Mrs. Redinger Plant & Animal Bio
Best Class Ever!!!!!

2. Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia
Subphylum : Vertebrates
Class: Reptilia

3. 4 Orders 1) Chelonia – 250 species of turtles & tortoises
2) Crocodilia – 21 species of crocs & gators
3) Squamata – 5,500 species of snakes & lizards
4) Rhynchocephalia – 2 species of tuaturas

4. Evolutionary History Evolved ~ 300 mya - from amphibians
- had sharp teeth, claws, & strong jaws for hunting insects
300 different genuses of dinosaurs
adapted to wide range of environmental conditions
65 mya = EXTINCT = MASS EXTINCTION
# 1 hypothesis = ASTEROID
Only the 4 modern
Orders of reptiles SURVIVED

5. Reptilian Traits

6. Reptilian Traits
1) Dry, scaly, waterproof skin

7. Reptilian Traits
2) Amniotic egg = shell & yolk

8. Reptilian Traits
3) Lungs

9. Reptilian Traits
4) Ecto/Exotherms

10. Reptilian Traits
5) Molt/Shed their skin

11. Amniotic Egg ~ this is strong evidence that 3 groups (Reptiles, Birds, & Some Mammals) come from the same ancestor
Purpose: nutrients, protection, support, prevents H2O loss,takes in O2 / rids CO2

12. Amniotic Egg
Amnion: thin membrane which encloses embryo & contains floating liquid
Amnion

13. Amniotic Egg
Yolk sac: nutrients & fats

14. Amniotic Egg
Allantois: store N2 waste & exchanges O2 & CO2

15. Amniotic Egg
Chorion: protects embryo & its vital parts

16. Amniotic Egg
Albumen: white – stores protein & H2O for the embryo

17. Amniotic Egg
Egg Shell: protection, prevents H2O loss, & is tough & leathery

18. Amniotic Egg
Air Sac/Space: breathe when hatching

19. Water Tight Skin Purpose:- decreases H2O loss
- protection against wear,tear, & infections
Made up of: keratin – thick protein with lipids to help repel H2O
- same as hair & nails

20. Respiration Purpose: exchange O2 & CO2 with animal & environment
Made up of:
- Lungs ~ increased surface area
-Alveoli ~ air sacs that make up lungs for increased surface area

21. Respiration Mechanics: Diaphragm
- rib cage expands when inhale & contracts when exhale

22. Respiration
Variation in snakes: larger right lung (½ length of body) ~ small, non-functioning left lung

23. Excretory Purpose: to remove nitrogenous waste Nitrogenous waste:
- reptile’s urine is very concentrated with ammonia

24. Digestive Purpose: Break down food into useable molecules
1-way system composed of:
- mouth & anus

25. Circulatory ~ more advanced & efficient than amphibians
2 loop system:
Systemic loop:
- heart to body to heart
Pulmonary loop:
- heart to lungs to heart

26. Number of heart chambers:
Lizards, snakes, turtles: 3
2 A
1 V
Crocs, gators: 4
2 V
partial or full septum

27. Nervous Sight: larger eyes better sight
Hearing: all reptiles except *SNAKES!*
- tympanic membrane (inner ear)
Variation in snakes: use lower jaw to detect vibrations

28. Smell:
Jacobson’s organ:
~ located on roof of mouth
- brings in scents by using tongue
Pits: small openings under eyes that detect heat given off by prey
~ brain = same size as amphibians brain but larger cerebrum & optic lobe
~ all have nares except crocs & gators

29. Nervous System

30. Thermoregulation: Two Types:
Ecto/exotherms: cold blooded – use sun to regulate body temperature
Examples: reptiles & amphibians

31. Thermoregulation:
Advantages
Require less energy
1/10 food

32. Thermoregulation: Limitations
Can’t live in cold environment unless they hibernate
Not very active

33. Endotherms - warm blooded - regulate own body temp. thru metabolism
Examples: mammals & birds

34. Endotherms
Advantages
Can live anywhere
Lots of energy
Very mobile

35. Endotherms
Limitations
Need large quantities of food

36. Reproduction 3 patterns of reproduction:
Oviparity: most reptiles, all birds, & 3 species of mammals
~ shell formed in reproductive tract
~ laid outside the body

37. Reproduction Ovoviviparity: some reptiles
~ shell is retained in female
~ young hatch while inside cloaca

38. Reproduction Viviparity: most mammals
~ female releases egg, internal fertilization
~ mom houses, protects, & feeds young via placenta

39. 4 orders and they all share the following traits:
Modern Reptiles:
4 orders and they all share the following traits:
1. Dry, scaly, water tight skin
2. Ecto/exothermic ~ low metabolisms
3. Amniotic egg with internal fertilization
4. Respire through lungs

40. Order Chelonia: Traits of the order:
1. Beak *NO TEETH*
2. Oviparity: lay eggs in sand/soil
3. Body covered with 2 shells, pieces called SCUTES

41. Order Chelonia: Carapace: - top, dome-like shell
- vertebrae of turtle is fused into shell
- ribs form off vertebrae
Plastron:
- lower, ventral shell
- protect internal organs

42. Turtle Skeleton

43. 4. Body Shapes & Adaptions
Aquatic turtles:
~ flat disc-like shaped shell: easier to move in H2O
~ webbed feet for swimming

44. 4. Body Shapes & Adaptions
Terrestrial turtles:
~ dome-shaped shell
~ feet are scaled & clawed

45. More on Turtles…

60. Order Crocodililia: Traits of order:
1. Large, heavy armored 2. Carnivorous
3. Oviparity
- lay eggs in nest
- mom cares for
young for 1-3 yrs.

61. Order Squamata: Traits of order: Lizards:
1. Carnivorous (insects & small mammals)
2. Lower jaw attached loosely to skull
3. Agility, speed, & camo to elude predators
4. Actually detach & regrow tail in order to escape

62. Snakes:
1. No legs
2. Very long backbone with a pair of ribs off each vertebrae
vertebrae
4. Can pop lower jaw in or out to eat prey whole
’s of muscles for movement

63. Snakes: Constriction: ~ coil around prey
~ each time prey breathes, snake increases its tension
~ suffocates to death
Injection of venom:
2 Types:
hemotoxins = affects blood
neurotoxins = affects nerves

64. Snakes: Fangs: ~ back of throat Elapids:
~ 2 small fixed fangs in front of mouth
Vipers:
~ 2 retractable fangs on roof of mouth
Ex: copperheads & rattle snakes

65. Order Rhynchocephalia:
Order traits:
1. New Zealand
2. Third eye
- sun detector
- on crest of head
~ burrow during the day
~ hunt insects at night