1. The Planes of the Body Anterior Posterior Midline Midclavicular line
Midaxillary

2. Directional Terms Right and left Superior and inferior
Lateral and medial
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Ventral and dorsal
Palmer and planter
Apices and bilateral

3. Movement Terms

4. Anatomic Positions (1 of 2)
Prone
Supine

5. Anatomic Positions (2 of 2)
Shock position
Trendelenburg’s position
Fowler’s position

6. The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs
Consists of 206 bones
Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
Designed to permit motion of the body

7. The Skull

8. The Neck

9. The Spinal Column

10. The Thorax

11. The Abdomen (1 of 2) The abdomen is the second major body cavity.
It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.

12. The Abdomen (2 of 2)

13. The Pelvis

14. The Lower Extremity
Hip
Thigh
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

15. The Upper Extremity
Shoulder girdle
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

16. Joints

17. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
Gives the body shape
Protects internal organs
Provides for movement
Consists of more than 600 muscles

18. Types of Muscle (1 of 2) Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
Attached to the bones of the body
Smooth (involuntary) muscle
Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body

19. Types of Muscle (2 of 2) Cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle
Has own blood supply and electrical system
Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

20. The Respiratory System

21. Diaphragm
Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles
Dome-shaped muscle
Divides thorax from abdomen
Contracts during inhalation
Relaxes during exhalation

22. Breathing Process: Inhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.
Pressure in the lungs decreases.
Air travels to the lungs.

23. Breathing Process: Exhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease.
Pressure in the lungs increases.
Air flows out of the lungs.

24. Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

25. Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing.
Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high
Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

26. Normal Breathing Characteristics
Normal rate and depth
Regular rhythm
Good breath sounds in both lungs
Regular rise and fall movements in the chest
Easy, not labored

27. Normal Breathing Rates
Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min
Children 15 to 30 breaths/min
Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min

28. Recognizing Inadequate Breathing
Irregular rhythm
Labored breathing
Muscle retractions
Pale or blue skin
Cool, clammy skin
Faster respiratory rate

29. Infant and Child Anatomy
Structures less rigid
Airway smaller
Tongue proportionally larger
Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

30. The Circulatory System

31. The Heart

32. Blood Flow Through the Heart

33. Electrical Conduction System
SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers

34. Normal Heart Rates Adults 60 to 100 beats/min
Children 70 to 150 beats/min
Infants 100 to 160 beats/min

35. Major Arteries and Veins
Aorta
Pulmonary
Carotid
Femoral
Brachial
Radial
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary

36. Components of Blood
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

37. Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2)
Pulse
The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts
Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone

38. Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2)
Blood pressure
Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries
Systole: Left ventricle contracts
Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
Perfusion
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.

39. The Nervous System
The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions.
Somatic nervous system
Regulates voluntary actions
Autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary body functions

40. Central Nervous System (1 of 2)

41. Central Nervous System (2 of 2)

42. Peripheral Nervous System
Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system.
Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system.
Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

43. The Skin (1 of 2) Protects the body from the environment
Regulates body temperature
Transmits information from environment to the brain

44. The Skin (2 of 2)

45. Endocrine System Complex message and control system
Made up of seven glands
Glands produce and release hormones.

46. Endocrine Glands Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes

47. Digestive System Mouth Salivary glands Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Bile ducts
Small intestine
Large intestine
Appendix
Rectum

48. Urinary System

49. Male Reproductive System

50. Female Reproductive System