1. Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios Allele *Wild-type allele *Mutant allele Conventional symbols for alleles: recessive allele- initial letter of the name of the recessive trait, lowercased and italicized dominant allele- same letter in uppercase Genetic nomenclature is extremely diverse!

2. Incomplete or Partial Dominance Cross between parents with contrasting traits: Red flowers or white flowers Offspring with an intermediate phenotype: pink flowers

3. Codominance: Example: MN Blood group- red blood cells contain a transmembrane glycoprotein (glycophorin); two different forms of this protein exist, M and N

4. Examples: *Table 4.1: over 100 alleles at a given locus in Drosophila *ABO Blood group in humans Multiple Alleles: *Characterized by the presence of glycoprotein antigens on the surface of red blood cells *Distinct from the M and N antigens *Also exhibits codomiance

5. Lethal Alleles: Example: Coat color in mice *A = agouti = wild-type allele *A Y = yellow = mutant allele

6. Combining modified modes of inheritance:

7. Gene interaction: *Epistasis Example: In Drosophila, the recessive gene eyeless (when homozygous) prevents the expression of eye color genes present in genome *Novel phenotypes due to gene interaction Example: disc-shaped fruit (AABB) X long fruit (aabb)

8. Genes on the X Chromosome: *Sex chromosomes *Autosomes Example: In Drosophila and all mammals sex chromosomes designated as X and Y XX=female XY=male *1909 Thomas Hunt Morgan II III IV XX XY or

9. *X-linkage X-linkage in Drosophila: white mutation (eyes) Genes on the X Chromosome con’t: ½ red ½ white

10. Genes on the X Chromosome con’t: ½ red

11. Sex-limited Inheritance: *Sex-limited trait *holandric genes: genes on the Y chromsome Example: hypertrichosis (ear hair) *autosomal genes Example: milk production in mammals; L=lots, l=little

12. *Sex-influenced trait Sex-influenced Inheritance: Examples: *cleft palate in humans *horns in sheep *pattern baldness in humans Summary: Sex-linkedon X or Y sex-chromosome Sex-limitedall or none expression by sex Sex-influencedgenotype + sex determines phenotype