1. Abstraction Hierarchy and PoPS  Engineers fabricate things but things sometimes are just too complicated  Engineers like to hide things  In Engineering there are a few important guiding concepts.  Engineers fabricate things but things sometimes are just too complicated  Engineers like to hide things  In Engineering there are a few important guiding concepts.

2. Engineering Driving Concepts  Abstraction  Decoupling  Standardization  Abstraction  Decoupling  Standardization

3. Abstraction Hierarchy  Purpose  Hide information and manage complexity  Black Box Approach  Know nothing about how the mechanisms  Just interested in how output is regulated by the system with input  Purpose  Hide information and manage complexity  Black Box Approach  Know nothing about how the mechanisms  Just interested in how output is regulated by the system with input

4. Abstraction Hierarchy

5. Polymerase Per Seconds  Abbreviation - PoPS  Analogous to current in electrical circuits  Polymerase per seconds is the flow of RNA polymerase molecules along DNA  Abbreviation - PoPS  Analogous to current in electrical circuits  Polymerase per seconds is the flow of RNA polymerase molecules along DNA

6. PoPS  Current is the flow of electrons, literally number of electrons per second  PoPS level aka current level is set by the amount of RNA polymerase molecules that trundle past a specific position on DNA each second.  Signals in biological circuits is carried by the PoPS.  Current is the flow of electrons, literally number of electrons per second  PoPS level aka current level is set by the amount of RNA polymerase molecules that trundle past a specific position on DNA each second.  Signals in biological circuits is carried by the PoPS.

7. PoPS