1. Congressional Elections

2. What is REAPPORTIONMENT??

3. Governor and State Legislatures “Nonpartisan Commissions” (few states) REDISTRICTING

5. Representatives per citizens Montana: 1 Rep=902,195 Maryland: 1 Rep=662,000 Wyoming: 1 Rep=493,782

6. Malapportionment Unequal number of citizens per district. State does not redistrict. Tennessee: 1900-1960– no redistricting. Rural district: 1 seat for 2,300 voters. Urban district: 1 seat for 44,600 voters. Baker v. Carr (1962): One person; One vote Malapportionment is unconstitutional

7. Gerrymandering Drawing odd-shaped district lines to favor a political party, race, or ethnic group. http://planning.maryland.gov/Redistricting/redistrictingIMap.sh tml http://planning.maryland.gov/Redistricting/redistrictingIMap.sh tml

8. Packing and Cracking

9. Gerrymandering in Maryland Packing or Cracking?

12. What is the difference? How does this benefit the Democrats?

13. Districts around the Beltway

14. Majority-Minority District (Illinois 4 th District) Unites 2 Hispanic Neighborhoods.

15. Shaw v. Reno (1993): Racial Gerrymanders Unconstitutional When: Race is the predominant consideration, AND When other traditional districting principles are ignored (i.e., compactness). “Generally, such districts are extremely irregular and cannot be explained as anything other than an attempt to create a district according to race.” http://redistricting.state.md.us/maryland/mdredistinfo.htm

16. Davis v. Bandemer (1986): Partisan Gerrymanders Unconstitutional When: The plan “substantially interferes” with a minority party’s ability to participate (not so in this case).

17. Are majority-minority districts necessary? Descriptive Representation Rep reflects demographic characteristics of district. Substantive Representation Rep reflects the opinions of the district.