1. Conception to Birth Prenatal Development

2. Prenatal defined as “before birth”
Prenatal Development
Prenatal defined as “before birth”
Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child.

3. The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division.
Zygote
A newly fertilized egg
The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division.

4. 14 days until the end of the eight week
Embryo
14 days until the end of the eight week
Most of the major organs are formed during this time.
Heartbeat, Red Blood Cells
Embryo – 45 Days

5. Prenatal Development

6. Prenatal Development Overview:
Zygote – Conception to 2 weeks
Embryo – 2 weeks through 8 weeks
Fetus – 9 weeks to birth

7. The period between the beginning of the ninth week until birth
Fetal Period
The period between the beginning of the ninth week until birth
Now referred to as a Fetus

8. Prenatal Development – 2 months

9. 11 Weeks

10. Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus
Placenta
A cushion of cells in the mother by which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus

12. Teratogens
Substances that pass through the placenta’s screen and prevent the fetus from developing normally
Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

14. Smoking and Birth Weight

15. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children due to their mother drinking large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

18. Swallowing and Kicking

19. Make it’s first movements

20. 28 Weeks

21. 2-D

22. 3-D and 4-D
National Geographic Channel In The Womb

24. The Beginnings of Life: The Newborn

25. Reflexes – Automatic and Unlearned Responses
Newborn
Reflexes – Automatic and Unlearned Responses
Within the 1st 30 minutes, newborns will turn their heads to watch a human face even it is a picture or a drawing
Human Voices
Taste preferences – no spoiled milk please!

26. Sucking & Swallowing Reflexes
Rooting Reflex
Infants’ tendency, when touched on the cheek, to move their face in the direction of the touch and open their mouth
Child is looking for nourishment.
Sucking & Swallowing Reflexes
Allows for food to be received at birth

27. infant closes its hand and "grips" your finger
left leg extends when infant gazes to the left, while right arm and leg flex inward, and vice versa.
infant closes its hand and "grips" your finger
takes brisk steps when both feet placed on a surface, with body supported.
The infant raises up (upper torso, shoulders, and head) with arms when lying face down (on his tummy).

28. Newborns are great at grasping…
…but not at letting go!

29. Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted.
-prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment.
Prefer the sounds of their parent’s voices over others

30. A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

31. Temperament “easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly
A baby’s temperament is apparent after just a few hours of birth
“easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly
“difficult” – unpredictable, intense, & irritable
Relatively stable personality aspect

32. Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

33. Toddler: From about 1 year to 3 years of age
Infant, Toddler, Child
Infant: First year
Toddler: From about 1 year to 3 years of age
Child: Span between toddler and teen

34. Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination
Motor Development
Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination
When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride a bike???

35. Motor Development

36. Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Stages
Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

37. Children think differently than adults
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
Children think differently than adults

38. Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)
Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development

39. Schema
As we develop, we struggle to construct understanding by building SCHEMA(s)
A concept or framework that organizes or interprets understanding
What are your schemas for:
Dogs
Love
Chairs
Etc…

40. When a child encounters something new, he must adjust his schema
ASSIMILATION:
Incorporate the item into an existing schema –
All 4 legged animals are called dogs
ACCOMODATION:
Create a new schema to fit the new information –
Create a new schema for cats and refining the dog schema

41. Stage 1- Sensorimotor Stage
From birth to 2 years
Child gathers information about the world through senses & motor functions
Child learns object permanence

42. “Out of sight, out of mind”
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed
“Out of sight, out of mind”

43. Clip the baby to see object permanence in action!

44. Even when they get older, kids figure out objects don’t go away, but the “A” not “B” Effect gets ‘em every time!
Check out this clip!

45. toast permanence?

46. Stage 2- Preoperational Stage
From about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs
Children can understand language but not logic
Fantasy Play

47. Egocentrism
The child’s inability to take another person’s point of view
Includes a child’s inability to understand that symbols can represent other objects

48. Conservation
Certain properties remain constant despite changes in their form
The properties can include mass, volume, and numbers.

49. Conservation

50. Conservation

51. Conservation

52. Types of Conservation Tasks

54. Stage 3- Concrete Operational Stage
From about 7 to 11yrs
Child learns to think logically
understands the concept of conservation

55. Stage 4- Formal Operational Stage
Child can think logically and in the abstract
About age 12 on up
Can solve hypothetical problems (What if…. problems)
Check out this clip the 1st kid is in stage 3 – logic; the last person is stage 4, she thinks hypothetically

56. Assessing Piaget’s Theory
Piaget underestimated the child’s ability at various ages.
Piaget’s theory doesn’t take into account culture and social differences.