1. Grammar Lesson 9 September 30, 2015

2. Vocabulary
Many English words are derived from the Latin word hospes, meaning “guest”. A familiar word is hospital.
Inhospitable means “unfriendly”, “uninviting”, or “unwelcome”. The wartorn country was inhospitable to democracy.
A hospice is a place or program in which pilgrims, strangers, or the terminally ill find shelter, rest, or treatment. Local residents suggested that the weary soldiers take refuge in the nearby hospice.

3. Direct object vs. Simple Subject
Review
Direct object vs. Simple Subject
Sometimes, it can be difficult to determine the difference between the simple subject and the direct object in a sentence. Remember to look for the predicate- that’s the action. The predicate can be an action verb, and being verb, or a verb phrase (an action verb combined with a helping verb or being verb). In any case, whatever or whoever is performing the action shown by the predicate is the subject.

5. For example, in the sentence:
REVIEW
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Possessive nouns show ownership or possession of something. They are not the object or thing being possessed or owned. Possessive nouns have apostrophes.
For example, in the sentence:
Did you notice Dr. Warren’s interest in Johnny’s hand?
The possessive nouns are Warren’s and Johnny’s. The possessive nouns are not interest or hand. Interest is an abstract noun and does not possess anything. Hand is a concrete noun and an object, and it also does not possess anything in this sentence.

6. Capitalization
Using proper capitalization is very important in grammar. You have already learned that proper nouns (nouns which name a specific person, place, or thing) must be capitalized, as are common nouns which are linked with a proper noun (for example, the word “street” would be capitalized when attached to the proper noun “Main”, as in “Main Street”.
However, words such as a, of, the, an, and in are not capitalized when they are part of a proper noun (such as United States of America), unless they are the first word used or the first word of a sentence. For example, in the title The Little House on the Prairie, the first “the” is capitalized, but the words “on” and the second “the” are not. The book title is a proper noun as it names a specific novel (a specific thing).

7. Pronoun I
The pronoun I is always capitalized, no matter where it is placed in the sentence.
You and I have so much in common!
Shall I invite our mutual friend for dinner?
No one likes desert as much as I do.
This is because the pronoun I names a specific person.

8. Capitalization in Poetry
Generally, the first word of every line is capitalized in poetry. For example, Emily Dickenson wrote:
If my bark sink
“Tis to another sea.
Mortality’s ground floor
Is immortality.
However, some poets do not use capitalization in this way. They may use other techniques for effect. For example, Robert Creeley wrote:
All night the sound had
come back again
and again falls
this quiet persistent rain.
When quoting poetry, it is important to maintain the poet’s original use of capitalization.

9. Example 1 (page 52) (answers in red)
Write each word that should be capitalized in A and B.
this article, i recall, addresses the powers of Congress.
This, I
“This” is the first word of the sentence. I is always capitalized. “Article” does not name a specific article, so it is a common noun.
Ogden Nash capitalized the first word of each line in his poem “Edourard”:
a bugler named Dougal MacDougal
found ingenious ways to be frugal.
he learned how to sneeze
in various keys,
thus saving the price of a bugle.
A, Found, He, In, Thus
The first word of each line in the poem should be capitalized.

10. The first and last words of the title.
Titles
Titles require special capitalization. In titles, we capitalize the following:
The first and last words of the title.
All verbs (action or being verbs)
All other words in the title other than certain short words
A preposition with five or more letters.
Here are some examples:
David Copperfield
“The Tables Turned”
“When I Have Fears”
Life on the Mississippi
My Utmost for his Highest
“Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening”
A Matter of Principle

11. Outlines
We learn to organize written material by outlining. Outlines require capital letters for the Roman numerals and for the letters of the first major topics. We also capitalize the first letter of the first word of the outline. For example:
The House of Representatives
A. Representation by population
B. Members serve two year terms
II. The Senate
A. Equal representation
B. Members serve six year terms.

12. Quotations
We capitalize the first word of a dialogue quotation, as shown below.
Freddy asked, “have you underestimated the ability of the fourth man in Nebuchadnezzar’s furnace?”
Beth answered, “I believe I have. Thanks for the reminder!”
If a quoted sentence is interrupted, the second half is not always capitalized.
“That fourth man,” said Freddy, “ has frequently rescued me in times of need.”

13. america is worth saving
Example 2 (page 53)
(answers in red followed by explanations in black)
Provide capital letters as needed in titles, outlines, and quotations.
america is worth saving
America is Worth Saving
Capitalize the first and last word of every title, plus all verbs.
b. “on being brought from africa to america”
“On being brought from Africa to America”
The first word of the quote is capitalized, as are the words “Africa” and “America” because they are proper nouns which name a specific place.

14. a. must be at least thirty years old
Example 2 continued (page 53) (answers in red followed by explanations in black)
c i. qualifications for the senate
a. must be at least thirty years old
b. must live in the state he or she represents
c. must have been a U.S. citizen for nine years
I. Qualifications for the Senate
A. Must be at least thirty years old
B. Must live in the state he or she represents
C. Must have been a U.S. citizen for nine years
Remember to capitalize the Roman Numerals and letters. Also, the first letter of each statement must be capitalized.

15. Example 2 Continued (page 54) (answers in red, followed by explanation)
Provide capital letters as needed in titles, outlines, and quotations.
d. the old man exclaimed, “perhaps you will be the next mayor of our town!”
The old man exclaimed, “Perhaps you will be the next mayor of our town!”
Always capitalize the first word of a sentence, as well as the first word of a quotation. Old man, mayor, and town, are not proper nouns in this sentence and do not need to be capitalized.
e. “I think,” said the old man, “that you are well qualified.”
No additional capitalization required.
Since the quoted sentence is interrupted, you do not capitalize the second part of the quotation. If the quotation were interrupted with a period, the second half would be capitalized.

16. Due Wednesday, September 30
Classwork
Review Set 9, pages 55-57
questions 1-30
Due Wednesday, September 30