1. The 1920’s and the Great Depression THEME: A disillusioned America turned away from idealism after WWI and toward social conservatism, a new mass-consumption economy, and exciting new forms of popular culture that undermined many traditional values.

2. The Return to “Normalcy” ELECTION OF 1920 Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge (REP) Vs. James M. Cox and Franklin D. Roosevelt (DEM) OUTCOME: REPUBLICANS WIN BY WIDE MARGIN. WHY? Harding pledges “normalcy” again.

3. PRESIDENT HARDING “America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality...." http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wh29.html

4. America turns Inward RED SCARE – AG Mitchell Palmer – the Palmer Raids – the Buford Deportations – IWW and Socialists –Sacco-Vanzetti trial and execution KKK’s NEW NATIVISM –5 million members in 1920’s –Ultraconservative and anti-modern NEW IMMIGRATION LAWS vs. “New Immigrants” –Emergency Quota Act of 1921 –Immigration Act of 1924 WHO WAS BEING TARGETED???

5. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/mhr/5/images/bold_fig01b.jpg

6. IMMIGRATION QUOTAS US experience a wave of racism, lynchings, and nativism after WWI. Immigration booms after WWI Quota System enacted to slow the flow Quotas discriminate against Southern and Eastern Europeans, Roman Catholics and Jews AND excludes Japanese. http://www.phschool.com/curriculum_support/taks/images/PWU4ques10-11.jpg

7. PROHIBITION What were the causes of Prohibition? What Amendment banned alcohol? What were the effects of prohibition?

9. Scopes Trial What was the trial about? Who was on trial? What was the verdict? Who got “punished”? Was the debate resolved?

10. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/90.3/images/moran_fig03a.gif

11. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scopes/SCOPE2.JPG

12. THE MASS- CONSUMPTION ECONOMY =BAD HABITS

13. CHANGE IN AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIETY Great Black Migration during WWI and 1920’s 4.8 of 12 million Af-Am move from South to cities, mainly in Northeast and Mid-West 1917-1919: 25 race riots NAACP membership doubles James Weldon Johnson leads NAACP on anti-lynching crusade Fails to pass anti-lynching bill in Congress

14. MARCUS GARVEY Marcus Garvey founds more radical UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) Promotes collective action and Af-Am businesses Argues for separatism and separate businesses, such as Black Star Line, attempt to re-colonize Africa. Deported to Jamaica for mail fraud

15. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/gallery/3.html

16. HARLEM RENAISSANCE Harlem is the “Mecca” or “Capital” of Black America At 330,000 inhabitants, it is the largest black urban community in the world 1920’s Harlem is the epicenter of an artistic and literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance

17. African-American Writers Claude McKay: Poet, inspired resistance to prejudice, known for his militant verses. “America” Although she feeds me bread of bitterness, And sinks into my throat her tiger's tooth, Stealing my breath of life, I will confess I love this cultured hell that tests my youth! Her vigor flows like tides into my blood, Giving me strength erect against her hate. Her bigness sweeps me like a flood.

18. African-American Writers Langston Hughes: Poet, described every-day life of African-Americans I am a Negro Black as the night is black Black like the depths of my Africa “Backlash Blues” Mister rich man, rich man, Open up your heart and mind. Mister rich man, rich man, Open up your heart and mind. Give the poor man a chance, Help stop these hard, hard times. While you're livin' in your mansion You don't know what hard times means. While you're livin' in your mansion You don't know what hard times means. Poor workin' man's wife is starvin', Your wife is livin' like a queen.

19. African-American Writers Zora Neale Hurston: Female Author, Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes – "...I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all." "Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me.“ "At certain times I have no race, I am me. When I set my hat at a certain angle and saunter down Seventh Avenue, Harlem City, feeling as snooty as the lions in front of Forty-Second Street Library, for instance....The cosmic Zora emerges. I belong to no race nor time. I am the eternal feminine with its string of beads." "Sometimes I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company? It's beyond me."

20. African-American Performers Paul Robeson: Actor, Lawyer Louis Armstrong: Trumpet Player, Band Leader Duke” Ellington: Jazz pianist, Composer, Band Leader at Cotton Club Bessie Smith: Blues Singer

21. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/robeson/images/alston-drawing.jpg

22. What were some of the most important ideas, opinions and beliefs expressed in African- American art and literature in the 1920’s?

23. PRESIDENT HARDING “America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality...." http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wh29.html

24. SCANDAL!!! Harding appoints some good Secretaries: –Charles Evans Hughes as Sec. of State –Herbert Hoover as Sec. of Commerce –Andrew Mellon as Sec. of Treasury BUT, some really bad appointments too: –“Ohio Gang” member Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty –Albert Fall as Sec. Of Interior –Charles Forbes at Veterans Affairs

25. THE TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL US set aside oil-rich public land for US Navy Albert Fall, Secretary of Interior, secretly and illegally “leased” the oil rich land to two private oil companies Fall got “kickbacks” of over $325,000 Harding flees scandal on tour to Alaska, dies of heart attack VP Calvin Coolidge becomes president in 1923.

26. http://www.francesfarmersrevenge.com/stuff/archive/oldnews4/teapotdomecartoon.jpg ALBERT FALL

27. HARDING AND THE COURT Appoints former president Taft as Chief Justice Appoints 4 out of 9 justices on court Harding’s appointees roll-back progressive reforms See Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923) ICC fails to enforce anti-trust laws Big Business has a free hand

28. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1921: US invites nations to freeze naval construction and begin disarmament. 1929: 64 nations had signed the Kellogg- Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of diplomacy. US “leads” in disarming after WWI, renouncing building large navy. PROBLEM: The pact was voluntary and not enforceable. RESULT: US quickly falls behind – especially behind Japan.

29. Rate five events of the Harding administration as either +, -, or ? Based on whether the event was good, bad, or mixed. Then, give your reasons. EVENTRATINGREASON

30. Pres. Calvin Coolidge, 1923-1928 A true “stand-patter” on pro- business policies Famously said, “the man who builds a factory builds a temple” and “the man who works there worships there.” His administration enjoys five years of prosperity, but trouble is brewing. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/images/cc30.gif

31. WARNING SIGNS… Farmers crushed by boom-bust cycle following WWI Prohibition dividing country and political parties LaFollette and Progressive revival defeated in Election of 1924, despite scandals of Harding Administration US harshly intervenes in Central America, aka “yanqui imperialism” Allies fail to repay their WWI debts to USA, destabilizing international economy

32. TARIFFS AND REPARATIONS OUTCOME: Bad feelings all around. Unstable economic house of cards.

33. 1.What was John Scopes on trial for? 2.What was the nickname for “liberated” women in the 1920’s? 3.What was the artistic and literary movement of African-Americans in this era? 4.Albert Fall is famous for what scandal? 5.The Kellogg-Briand pact sought to ensure peace among nations through a pledge to do what?