1. Analysis and Synthesis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits A “synchronizing” pulse/edge signal (clock) controls the operation of the memory portion of the circuit When no clock – the circuit is asynchronous:

2. Analysis and Synthesis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits The “state” of a synchronous sequential circuit: –All the FF/memory element outputs –Can change only upon clock transition (pulse/edge) Two models for synchronous sequential circuits: –Mealy model Outputs are a function of state and inputs –Moore model Outputs are a function of state only

3. Mealy model Next state (Y 1,…,Y r ) achieved on clock transition

4. Mealy model Input (x 1,…,x n ), output (z 1,…,z m ), present state (y 1,…,y r ) and next state (Y 1,…,Y r ) are where g i and h i are Boolean functions, or in vector form

5. Moore model Combinational logic Memory x1xnx1xn Y1YrY1Yr y1yry1yr z1zmz1zm clock

6. Mealy machine example State diagram and state table Assumes  transitions Problem?

7. Moore machine example State diagram and state table Output is f(state) only Inputs – no effect

8. Mealy vs. Moore Representations can be transformed into each other Advantages and disadvantages MealyMoore - glitches+ no glitches - problem sampling + easier to design + lesser total # states

9. Analysis precedes synthesis Analysis of logic diagrams of sequential circuits –Inputs, state variables, outputs, logic equations ? –Mealy or Moore type?

10. Analysis –Input sequence: x = 01101000

11. Analysis Deriving state diagram and state table –Given circuit diagram  Boolean equations Notation: y k represents y(k  t) k = integer;  t = clock period May assign numbers to states: 0  state A; 1  state B

12. Analysis Deriving state table from K-maps Map for Y k =y k+1 Map for z k

13. Analysis example Synchronous sequential circuit with flip- flops –Negative edge- triggered –Inputs? –States? –Outputs? –Logic equations?

14. Analysis example Timing diagram

15. Analysis example State table and K-maps

16. Analysis example Combining the K-maps into state table