1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Securities Markets and Transactions

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-2 Types of Markets Money Markets: the market where short-term securities are bought and sold Capital Market: the market where long-term securities such as stocks and bonds are bought and sold Primary Market: the market in which new issues of securities are sold to the public Secondary Market: the market in which securities are traded after they have been issued

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-3 Primary Markets Initial Public Offering (IPO) –First public sale of a company’s stock –Requires SEC approval Three Choices to Market Securities in Primary Market –Public offering –Rights offering –Private Placement

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-4 Going Public: The IPO Process Underwriting the offering: promoting the stock and facilitating the sale of the company’s shares Prospectus: registration statement describing the issue and the issuer Red Herring: preliminary prospectus available during the waiting period Quiet Period: time period after prospectus is filed when company must restrict what is said about the company Road Show: series of presentations to potential investors

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-5 The Investment Banker’s Role Underwriting the Issue: purchases the security at agreed-on price and bears the risk of reselling it to the public Underwriting Syndicate: group formed by investment banker to share the financial risk of underwriting Selling Group: other brokerage firms that help the underwriting syndicate sell issue to the public Tombstone: public announcement of issue and role of participants in underwriting process Investment Banker Compensation: typically in the form of a discount on the sale price of the securities http://youtu.be/xlYDonZLoHg

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-6 Secondary Markets Secondary Market: the market in which securities are traded after they have been issued Role of Secondary Markets –Provides liquidity to security purchasers –Provides continuous pricing mechanism Securities Exchanges: forums where buyers and sellers of securities are brought together to execute trades Nasdaq Market: employs an all-electronic trading platform to execute trades Over-the-counter (OTC) Market: involves trading in smaller, unlisted securities

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-7 Broker Markets and Dealer Markets Broker Markets: consists of national and regional securities exchanges –60% of the total dollar volume of all shares in U.S. stock market trade here –New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is largest and most well- known –Trades are executed when a buyer and a seller are brought together by a broker and the trade takes place directly between the buyer and seller Dealer Markets: consists of both the Nasdaq market and the OTC market –Trades are executed with a dealer (market maker) in the middle. Sellers sell to a market maker at a stated price. The market maker then offers the securities to a buyer.

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-8 Broker Markets New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) –Largest stock exchange—over 2,700 companies –Over 350 billion shares of stock traded in 2005 –Accounts for 90% of stocks traded on exchanges –Specialists make transactions in key stocks –Strictest listing policies NYSE Amex (formally American Stock Exchange) –More than 500 companies listed –Major market for Exchange Traded Funds –Typically smaller and younger companies who cannot meet stricter listing requirements for NYSE

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-9 Broker Markets (cont’d) Regional Stock Exchanges –Typically lists between 100–500 companies, usually with local and regional appeal –Listing requirements are more lenient than NYSE –Often include stocks that are also listed on NYSE or NYSE Amex –Best-known: Midwest, Pacific, Philadelphia, Boston, and Cincinnati Options Exchanges –Allows trading of options –Best-known: Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) Futures Exchanges –Allows trading of financial futures –Best-known: Chicago Board of Trade (CBT)

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-10 Dealer Markets No centralized trading floor; comprised of market makers linked by telecommunications network Both IPOs and secondary distributions are sold on OTC –40% of the total dollar volume of all shares in U.S. stock market trade here –Both IPOs and secondary distributions are sold on OTC Bid Price: the highest price offered by market maker to purchase a given security Ask Price: the lowest price at which a market maker is willing to sell a given security

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-11 Dealer Markets Nasdaq –Largest dealer market –Lists large companies (Microsoft, Intel, Dell, eBay) and smaller companies Over-the-counter (OTC) Bulletin Board –Lists smaller companies that cannot or don’t wish to be listed on Nasdaq –Companies are regulated by SEC Over-the-counter (OTC) Pink Sheets –Lists smaller companies that are not regulated by SEC –Liquidity is minimal or almost non-existent –Very risky; many nearly worthless stocks

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-12 General Market Conditions Bull Market –Favorable markets –Rising prices –Investor/consumer optimism –Economic growth and recovery –Government stimulus Bear Market –Unfavorable markets –Falling prices –Investor/consumer pessimism –Economic slowdown –Government restraint

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-13 Globalization of Securities Markets Diversification: the inclusion of a number of different investment vehicles in a portfolio to increase returns or reduce risks Use of International Securities Improves Diversification –More industries and securities available –Securities denominated in different currencies –Opportunities in rapidly expanding economies International Investment Performance –Opportunities for high returns –Foreign securities markets do not necessarily move with the U.S. securities market –Foreign securities markets tend to be more risky than U.S. markets

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-14 Globalization of Securities Markets (cont’d) Indirect Ways to Invest in Foreign Securities –Purchase shares of U.S.-based multinational with substantial foreign operations Direct Ways to Invest in Foreign Securities –Purchase securities on foreign stock exchanges –Buy securities of foreign companies that trade on U.S. stock exchanges –Buy American Depositary Receipts (ADRs): dollar denominated receipts for stocks of foreign companies held in vaults of banks

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-15 Risks of International Investing Usual Investment Risks Still Apply Government Policies Risks –Unstable foreign governments –Different laws in trade, labor or taxation –Different economic and political conditions –Less stringent regulation of foreign securities markets Currency Exchange Rate Risks –Value of foreign currency fluctuates compared to U.S. dollar –Value of foreign investments can go up and down with exchange rate fluctuations

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-16 2-16 Currency Exchange A piece of equipment costs 80,000 yen. The current exchange rate is 113.275 yen/$. What does it cost in US dollars? currency exchange

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-17 2-17 Currency Exchange Last year you purchased 100 shares of stock in Europe at 95.25 Euro per share. The exchange rate at that time was.7262 euro/$. The shares are currently selling at 102.50 Euro per share and the exchange rate is.65 euro/$. What gains have been earned in both currencies? currency exchange

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-18 Regulation of Securities Markets Insider Trading –Use of nonpublic information about a company to make profitable securities transactions Blue Sky Laws –Laws imposed by individual states to regulate sellers of securities –Intended to prevent investors from being sold nothing but “blue sky”

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-19 Regulation of Securities Markets Securities Act of 1933 –Required full disclosure of information by companies Securities Act of 1934 –Established SEC as government regulatory body Maloney Act of 1938 –Allowed self-regulation of securities industry through trade associations such as the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) Investment Company Act of 1940 –Created & regulated mutual funds

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-20 Regulation of Securities Markets Investment Advisors Act of 1940 –Required investment advisers to make full disclosure about their backgrounds and their investments, as well as register with the SEC Securities Acts Amendments of 1975 –Abolished fixed-commissions and established an electronic communications network to make stock pricing more competitive Insider Trading and Fraud Act of 1988 –Prohibited insider trading on nonpublic information Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 –Tightened accounting and audit guidelines to reduce corporate fraud

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-21 Basic Types of Securities Transactions Long Purchase –Investor buys and holds securities –“Buy low and sell high” –Make money when prices go up

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-22 Basic Types of Securities Transactions (cont’d) Margin Trading –Uses borrowed funds to purchase securities –Currently owned securities used as collateral for margin loan from broker –Margin requirements set by Federal Reserve Board Determines the minimum amount of equity required On $4,445 purchase with 50% margin requirement, investor puts up $2,222.50 and broker will lend remaining $2,222.50 –Can be used for common stocks, preferred stocks, bonds, mutual funds, options, warrants and futures Common stocks 50% Corporate bonds 30% Futures 2% to 10%

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-23 Margin Trading Advantages – Allows use of financial leverage – Magnifies profits Disadvantages – Magnifies losses – Interest expense on margin loan – Margin calls

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-24 2-24 Margin Initial margin –The amount that must be paid to acquire the investment Set by SEC –Equity ownership in the security Maintenance margin –After purchase the price of the investment will change. This will cause the margin to change. –If the margin falls below the initial margin the account may be restricted –Below a maintenance margin a margin call occurs. Money must be invested to bring the margin back

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-25 2-25 Margin Formulas Basic Margin Formula Example of Using Margin

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-26 2-26 Margin Formulas (cont’d) Return on Invested Capital Example of Return on Invested Capital Without margin

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-27 2-27 Securities Transaction The purchase price for my stock was $10,000. I was given a 70% margin option with a 40% maintenance margin. I have held the security for 1 ½ years. It has paid me $600 in dividends and I paid $375 in interest. Given this information calculate the return on invested capital for the following examples.

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-28 2-28 New Value = 15,000 return on invested capital

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-29 2-29 New Value = 8,000 return on invested capital

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-30 2-30 New Value = 4,000 return on invested capital Margin Call

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-31 Basic Types of Securities Transactions Short Selling –Investor sells securities they don’t own –Investor borrows securities from broker –Broker lends securities owned by other investors that are held in “street name” –“Sell high and buy low” –Investors make money when stock prices go down

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-32 Short Selling Advantages –Chance to profit when stock price declines Disadvantages –Limited return opportunities: stock price cannot go below $0.00 –Unlimited risks: stock price can go up an unlimited amount –If stock price goes up, short seller still needs to buy shares to pay back the “borrowed” shares to the broker –Short sellers may not earn dividends

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-33 Table 2.5 The Mechanics of a Short Sale