1. Physiology of the human eye
Hardware Flow Visualization

2. عملكرد عدسي هاي مختلف و اندازه گيري قدرت انكساري آنها

3. سطوح شكست نور در چشم

4. مكانيسم تطابق در در چشم

5. Emmetropia

7. Hyperopia

8. Astigmatism
Unequal curvatures in cornea & lens

9. Lens Accommodation
Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision
The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 ft away)
The lens must change shape to focus for closer objects
Slide 8.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.9

10. Internal Anatomy of the Eye--Tunics
Fibrous tunic: sclera & cornea
Vascular tunic: choroid layer
Sensory tunic: retina

11. Autonomic Regulation of the Iris
Pupil
Constricts
Pupil
Dilates

12. depth of focus

13. چگونگي تشكيل و ترشح مايع زلاليه

14. Circulation of the Aqueous Humor
Ciliary process at the base of the iris produces aqueous humor
Scleral venous sinus returns aqueous humor to the blood stream
Glaucoma – any disturbance that increases aqueous humor volume and pressure which causes pain – ultimately the vitreous humor crushes the retina causing blindness

17. The Two Layers of the Retina
Outer pigmented layer has a single layer of pigmented cells, attached to the choroid tunic, which absorbs light to prevent light scattering inside
Inner neural layer has the photosensory cells and various kinds of interneurons in three layers

18. visual acuity

19. لايه مختلف شبكيه به همراه سلولهاي آنها
لايه مختلف شبكيه به همراه سلولهاي آنها

20. Micrograph of the Retina
Light must cross through the capillaries and the two layers of interneurons to reach the photoreceptors, the rods and cones
Light

21. Optic Nerve, Blind Spot, Fovea

24. مكانيسم تحريك فوتورسپتورها به دنبال برخورد نور
مكانيسم تحريك فوتورسپتورها به دنبال برخورد نور

26. Neural Organization in the Retina
Photoreceptors: rods (for dim light) and cones (3 colors: blue, green and red, for bright light)
Bipolar cells are connecting interneurons
Ganglion cells’ axons become the Optic Nerve

27. Neural Organization in the Retina
Horizontal Cells enhance contrast (light versus dark boundaries) and help differentiate colors
Amacrine cells detect changes in the level of illumination

28. The Optic Disc Axons of ganglion cells exit to form the optic nerve
Blood vessels enter to serve the retina by running on top of the neural layer
The location of the “blind spot” in our vision

29. Opthalmoscope Image of the Retina
The Macula Lutea (“yellow spot”) is the center of the visual image
The Fovea Centralis is a central depression where light falls more directly on cones providing for the sharpest image discrimination
Light bouncing off RBCs’ hemoglobin causes “red eye” in flash photos

30. مكانيسم تطابق به تاريكي و روشنايي

31. Micrograph of the Retina
Light

32. مداربندی نورونی شبکیه

33. Cone > Bipolar cell > Ganglion cell
Rod > Bipolar cell > Amacrine cell > Ganglion cell

34. مهارجانبی و اهمیت ان در بینایی
Amacrine Cells
Excitation of Some Bipolar Cells and Inhibition of Others—The Depolarizing and Hyperpolarizing Bipolar Cells

35. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 12 December 2009 05:27 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

36. an average of 60 rods and 2 cones each ganglion
visual acuity
an average of 60 rods and 2 cones each ganglion

37. Three Types of Retinal Ganglion
Transmission of Rod Vision by the W Cells
Transmission of the Visual Image and Color by the X Cells
Transmit Instantaneous Changes in the Visual Image by the y Cells

39. ساختار آناتومیکی و فیزیولوژیکی کورتکس بینایی

42. Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex

43. Layered Structure of the Primary Visual Cortex

48. Eye Movements

49. Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Lateral, medial, superior, and inferior rectus muscles (recall, rectus = straight); superior and inferior oblique muscles

50. Neural pathways for control of conjugate movement of the eyes

51. Fixation Movements of the Eyes
voluntary fixation mechanism
involuntary fixation mechanism
(1) a continuous tremor
(2) a slow drift
(3) sudden flicking
Saccadic Movement

52. چگونگي كنترل حركات تثبيتي ارادي و غير ارادي

53. نقش تكمه هاي چهارقلوي فوقاني دربينايي
نقش تكمه هاي چهارقلوي فوقاني دربينايي
Superior Colliculi Are Mainly Responsible for Turning the Eyes and Head Toward a Visual Disturbance

54. Horner’s Syndrome

55. Control of Pupillary Diameter