1. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 1 Rise Above the Jet Noise AVX Adaptive Encoding Jeremy Hoenack,CAS, MPSE Sound Trax Studios jhoenack@avxsound.com

2. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 2 AVX Inflight Sound Overview 1 Subtle dialog is clear and easy to understand Underscore and background effects that are normally lost are crisp and clear Film sound-track masks jet noise instead of reverse No high sound levels, no ear pain, no need to constantly adjust volume, natural sounding More immersion in film – more positive flight experience No new equipment – compatible with all IFE systems

3. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 3 AVX Inflight Sound Overview 2 Psycho-acoustic adaptive encoding Parses, disassembles, restructures the dynamic range in real time – constantly adapts to program content Enables full optimization of dynamic range to needs of human hearing without severe limitations of existing technology

4. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 4 AVX Inflight Sound Overview 3 Adaptive Encoder vs. Compressor/Limiter DSP intensive vs. analog design Unlimited design possibilities vs. practical limitations AVX “reverse-compression” emulates how brain deals with high ambient noise like conversation on a jet

5. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 5 IFE sound system – The Titanic Destined to cruise over sea of noise – 75db SPL (From take-off to landing, like sitting next to a vacuum cleaner, a hair dryer, or standing in the shower.) Can not change course very quickly – prohibitive costs Needs to accommodate all kinds of people and stuff – variety of headphones, hardware, media

6. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 6 Film sound track – The Iceberg Only the peaks are noticed Most of it obscured by sea of noise “Big picture” missing – no context Tells how to perceive visual (picture) Controls emotional response eg. fear Conveying the emotional content is life or death matter to a film Low emotion = low immersion A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

7. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 7 How much is hidden? Top of iceberg is 90db 15db is revealed Sea of noise level 75db 35db obscured by sea of noise Over 2/3 of sound (dynamic range) is buried beneath sea of noise Bottom of iceberg is >40db 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

8. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 8 Human hearing 1 Normal range 35-72db for speech (intelligibility) Below 75db sea of noise in cabin = 0% intelligibility Good news - No need to have foreign language tracks 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

9. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 9 Human hearing 2 Lose intelligibility if average speech less than 15 db above noise – 75 + 15 = 90db Narrow range for speech 15 db – average at 90db (unsafe), peaks at 97db Bad news - Above 85db – no increase in intelligibility – instead oppression and discomfort 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

10. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 10 How to uncover the iceberg? Can not change noise level - 75db Iceberg is 50db high (dynamic range) 90db-40db Can not lift above noise level 5db+75db=125db !!!!! 90db beginning of “unsafe levels” (D.O.L.), discomfort 2 hours @ 100db = hearing damage – long flights? 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA pain pain ear damage ear damage ear damage “unsafe” “unsafe” discomfort

11. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 11 Existing technology ineffective 1 Squeezes to 30-40db range –Ear discomfort from peaks –Obscured mood fx / underscore –Straining to understand – low intelligibility Jet noise “in front” of sound track –Like looking through dirty glass Constant volume adjustments Little or no immersion in film 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

12. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 12 Existing technology ineffective 2 Operates from top down –Characteristics of electronics –Compressor –Limiter Unnatural –Real life is opposite Limited by artifact - claustrophobic 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

13. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 13 Human hearing psychology 1 Decoding, decoding, decoding –Sound into phonemes –Phonemes into words –Words into language –Language into meaning Brain overwhelmed –Sound buried in noise –Playing “catch-up” -Trying to figure out what was missed while trying to continue in-the-moment decoding 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

14. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 14 Human hearing psychology 2 Failure & frustration –No one likes to feel stupid –Not knowing “what’s going on” –Missing vital information that “others know” Ability to make emotional associations is blocked by obsession to decode 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

15. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 15 Brainy brain has no problem Why we can have a normal conversation above the noise? Brain uses “reverse- compression” to raise bottom with little affect on top High intelligibility with acceptable levels Normal speech pattern - subconsciously adapt to ambient noise 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

16. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 16 AVX one-ups the brain 1 Extreme reverse-compress/limit micro-encodes detail Top is normal – ‘must be normal’ Comfortable levels Dynamic range fits 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

17. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 17 AVX one-ups the brain 2 Raises bottom of sound track above noise Mask effect – sound track is relentlessly dominant Mind tunes out and soon forgets subordinate jet noise (it wants to) 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

18. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 18 AVX one-ups the brain 3 Enhanced aural cues ~100% intelligibility including spatial cues Sound decoding easy & relaxing Brain resources free to make deep emotional associations High level of immersion in film Tune out flying – trip is shorter and more enjoyable 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

19. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 19 Clips mixed with jet noise @~73db for simulation All clips are at the same volume level Louder sounds are similar AVX raises quiet sounds 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 Film Clips from SECONDHAND LIONS comparing WAEA 1289-1 spec. audio with AVX encoded audio

20. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 20 Per 1289-1 spec. #1 Inaudible under bridge, cop, plane approach 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

21. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 21 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #1 Distinct snoring & ambience under bridge, plane approach

22. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 22 Per 1289-1 spec. #2 Inaudible off camera speech, music and ambience 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

23. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 23 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #2 Speech is intelligible, distinct music and ambience

24. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 24 Per 1289-1 spec. #3 Inaudible lion growls, weak ambience, lack of presence 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

25. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 25 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #3 Distinct lion growls, ambience is dominant, speech has good presence

26. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 26 Per 1289-1 spec. #4 Inaudible bell-tree, no presence to music and ambience 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

27. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 27 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #4 Distinct bell-tree, good presence of music and ambience

28. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 28 Per 1289-1 spec. #5 Inaudible ambience, unclear speech at end 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

29. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 29 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #5 Better ambience, distinct speech at end “learn to do without” & “uh-huh”

30. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 30 Per 1289-1 spec. #6 Speech is frustrating - unclear, music missing until end 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

31. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 31 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #6 Speech is intelligible, music is marginally audible

32. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 32 Per 1289-1 spec. #7 Speech is marginal, jet noise dominates 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

33. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 33 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #7 Speech is crisp and present, music and ambience dominate over jet noise

34. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 34 Per 1289-1 spec. #8 Jet noise dominates, missing/obscure lion sound, ambience very weak 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

35. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 35 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #8 Sound track dominates, lion & ambience clear, presence, “in the movie”

36. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 36 Per 1289-1 spec. #9 Jet noise dominates, speech lacks presence, ambience very weak 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA

37. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 37 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX Encoded #9 Track dominates, speech is intimate & clear, ambience, reverb, presence, “in the movie”

38. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 38 Summary AVX solves the difficult noise problem for IFE films Film perceived as intended High immersion > enjoyment > successful distraction Greater satisfaction & positive impression of flight 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AVX turns the iceberg into a breeze, giving IFE a free ride

39. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 39 AVX 757 Simulator Demo 5-8 after show, 10 minute drive west near Disney & Warner Bros. Sound Trax Studios 2815 West Burbank Blvd. Burbank 818-842-6300 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

40. Technology Committee Meeting | 19-20 January 2005 | Glendale, CA 40 AVX would like to thank WAEA attendees John Salzman John Eargle & Chris Foreman – sound reinforcement research Avid Airline Products – headphones Sound Trax Studios New Line Cinema 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 A AA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA