1. Values and Values Systems

2. ValuesValues Basic conviction: “A specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.”

3. Community Values Community Values Relative importance individual assigns to values such as: Relative importance individual assigns to values such as: Freedom Freedom Pleasure Pleasure Self-respect Self-respect Value Systems Honesty Obedience Equality

4. Rokeach Value Survey 1. Terminal Values Desirable end-states of existence Desired goals to be achieved during lifetime 2. Instrumental Values Preferable modes of behavior Means of achieving the terminal values

5. Terminal Values A comfortable life (a prosperous life) A comfortable life (a prosperous life) A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution) A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution) A world of peace (free of war and conflict) A world of peace (free of war and conflict) A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts) A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts) Equality (brotherhood and equal opportunity for all) Equality (brotherhood and equal opportunity for all) Family security (taking care of loved ones) Family security (taking care of loved ones) Freedom (independence, free choice) Freedom (independence, free choice) Happiness (contentedness) Happiness (contentedness) Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict) Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict) Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life) Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life) Salvation (saved, eternal life) Salvation (saved, eternal life) Social recognition (respect, admiration) Social recognition (respect, admiration) True friendship (close companionship ) True friendship (close companionship ) Examples: Terminal and Instrumental Values in Rokeach Value Survey Instrumental Values Ambitious (hardworking, aspiring) Capable (competent, effective) Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful) Clean (neat, tidy) Courageous (standing up for your beliefs) Helpful (working for the welfare of others) Honest (sincere, truthful) Imaginative (daring, creative) Logical (consistent, rational) Loving (affectionate, tender) Obedient (dutiful, respectful) Polite (courteous, well mannered) Responsible (dependable, reliable) Source: Adapted from M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).

6. Values and Ethical Behavior Values of upper management bear significantly on the entire ethical climate within an organization