1. E UROPEAN E XPLORATION & E XPANSION 1450-1650

2. P EOPLE I DENTIFICATIONS : I DENTIFY THE KEY CONTRIBUTION ( S ) AND COUNTRY FOR WHOM EACH WORKED. 1. Prince Henry “the Navigator” (destiny & Oreen, melody) 2. Bartholomew Diaz (janice) 3. Vasco da Gama (Sonja & Geena ) 4. Pedro Alvares Cabral (henri & Amanda) 5. Christopher Columbus (Eden and Kadance) 6. Amerigo Vespucci ( Sarah & Carissa) 7. Ferdinand Magellan (Rory & Josh) 8. John Cabot (Danielle, Angel & Corinne) 9. Jacques Cartier (Brice) 10. Hernando Cortés (James, Zack & Liza) 11. Francisco Pizarro ( Herson & Ivan)

3. E XPLORER P ROJECT (D UE M ONDAY ) You are advertising your accomplishments Your making a poster of yourself and your accomplishments Needs to be on poster board 22x28 Things Needed on your board Biography (1 st person)- who you are, where you are from, who you represent, how did you get money to explore Where you explored- Details of your expedition (how long did it take, who did you take, what route did you take) What were the results of your exploration- (how was Europe (your country) impacted from your explorations, how was the population you encountered impacted? Pictures: Map of the area you explored Flag of the country you represent Picture of yourself (Explorer not you) Picture or drawing of some things that you impacted (trade of a product...etc)

4. D OCUMENT B ASED Q UESTION (ESSAY) In the Mid-1400’s, Europeans were cut off from direct access to Asian trade via the eastern Mediterranean sea. Europeans turned south and west in search of new trade routes. Through trade, travel, and missionary work, Europeans increasingly came into contact with peoples and places of whom they had previously had little or no knowledge of. From the documents you are to answer the following question Were the European explorers’ first impressions of the new land and people negative or positive? Needs introduction and conclusion paragraph Needs to have references to all of the documents (5 document references) 2 Articles on slave trade can be a combined reference.

5. W ORLD C ONTACTS B EFORE C OLUMBUS What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus?

6. I NDIAN O CEAN T RADING W ORLD The center of pre-Columbian world trade.

7. I NDIAN O CEAN T RADING W ORLD

8. A FRICA

9. A FRICA – K INGDOM OF M ALI Mansa Musa (14 th c.) A mosque in Timbuktu

10. Africa – Legend of Prester John Prester John enthroned on a map of East Africa, in an atlas prepared by the Portuguese for Queen Mary of England, 1558. Prester John’s kingdom in what is now Ethiopia, map issued in Antwerp, 1570s.

11. The Middle East: Ottoman & Persian Empires

13. O TTOMAN E XPANSION 1453 – captured Constantinople = end of Byzantine empire 1526 – defeat of Hungary 1529 – siege on Vienna

14. control of luxury trade with the East support for Crusades brought land & trading privileges Goods: o Eastern luxury goods: spices, silks, carpets o Balkan slaves o Euro. products: wool, metal, textiles Venice and Genoa

15. E UROPE AND THE W ORLD A FTER C OLUMBUS What effect did overseas expansion have on the conquered societies, on enslaved Africans, and on world trade?

16. S PANISH S ETTLEMENT & I NDIGENOUS P OPULATION  16 th c. ≈200k Spaniards settle in New World est. cattle ranches, sugar plantations, silver mines encomienda system = Amerindians labor for Spaniards o de facto slavery o high death rate WITH DEATHS OF AMERINDIANS, WHERE WILL THE SPANISH FIND LABORERS?

17. T HE A TLANTIC S LAVE T RADE ( HEIGHT IN 18 TH C.) 1650-1870: 10 million African slaves brought to Americas

18. S LAVERY slavery in Europe predates Atlantic slave trade slaves from Balkans, Thrace, southern Russia, central Anatolia (mostly white) WHY, THEN, DID EUROPE TURN TO AFRICA? Ottoman capture of Constantinople (1453): halted flow of white slaves

19. S UGAR & S LAVERY  demand for sugar in 15 th c. sugar plantations est. 1 st in Atlantic islands close to Europe  African slaves brought in later this pattern was transferred to the Caribbean

20. C OLUMBIAN E XCHANGE

21. S PAIN ’ S G OLDEN C ENTURY (16 TH C.) Major cause: New World silver Why it ended: price revolution = inflation Debate over reason for inflation: o Flood of silver?? o Unable to keep up with rising demand - pop.  (demand  ) - new American colonies (demand  ) - 1492 expulsion of Jews & Muslims (supply  ) Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)

22. T HE G LOBAL E CONOMY : 3 C OMMERCIAL E MPIRES 1. Portuguese (16 th c.) - Indian Ocean sea empire - Brazil - sugar 2. Spanish (16 th c.) - New World land empire - Philippines sea empire – silk trade 3. Dutch (1650-1700) - Indonesian spice trade ***1570-1630: worldwide commercial boom***

23. P ORTUGUESE E MPIRE, AT MAXIMUM EXTENT, 16 TH C.

24. S PANISH E MPIRE IN 1770

25. D UTCH C OLONIES, 17 TH C.

26. T HE A GE OF E XPLORATION, 1450-1650

27. M OTIVES – THE 3 “G’ S ” God Gold Glory

28. M ORE M OTIVES government sponsorship Renaissance curiosity spices

29. Which motive played the most important role?

30. T ECHNOLOGY cannon caravel (vs. galley) magnetic compass astrolabe improved maps; portolans caravelgalley

31. P ORTUGAL TAKES THE LEAD ! 1415 – Portugal takes Ceuta, Morocco Prince Henry “the Navigator”

32. E XPLORERS ExplorerDiscovery Bartholomew Diaz1488 – round Cape of Good Hope (S. Africa) Christopher Columbus1492 – reach W. Indies in “New World” Vasco de Gama1498 – reach India by sailing around southernmost tip of Africa Pedro Alvares Cabral1500 – claim Brazil for Portugal en route to India Amerigo Vespucci1501-1502 – explore S. America & first to realize “New World” was separate from Asia Ferdinand Magellan1519-1522 – first circumnavigation of the world Hernando Cortés1519 – conquest of Aztecs in Mexico Francisco Pizarro1531-1536 – conquest of Incas in Peru

36. C HRIS C OLUMBUS : GOOD OR BAD ? Good (old scholarship)Bad (new scholarship) - discovered the New World - hero (has his own US holiday) - so influential that the history of the Americas before 1492 is “pre-Columbian” In fourteen hundred and ninety- two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. - not the first to “discover” the New World - exploitation of indigenous peoples In fourteen hundred and ninety- three, Columbus stole all he could see.

37. C OLUMBIAN E XCHANGE

38. S PAIN ’ S GOLDEN AGE (16 TH C.) Major cause: gold & silver from New World Why it ended: price revolution = inflation Debate over reason for inflation: Unable to keep up with rising demand pop.  (demand  ) new American colonies (demand  ) expulsion of Jewish & Muslim farmers/businessmen (supply  ) Influx of American silver bullion Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)

39. M ERCANTILISM economic system, ca. 1500-1800 or 1776 wealth is based on nation’s supply of bullion exports > imports colonies exist for benefit of mother country quinto = Spanish Crown receives 1/5 of precious metals mined in South America

40. S PANISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION 16th c. Spanish New World possessions divided into 4 viceroyalties, or administrative divisions