1. NSC 440 RESEARCH IN NURSING 4 UNITS DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 1

2. THE RESEARCH PROCESS ADENIKE OLAOGUN PhD RN RM RPHN

3. Objectives At the end of the learning session; the learners will be able to- 1.Define research, process 2.Identify the two main types of research 3.Identify the steps of the research process

4. Questions What is a problem? How do you solve problems? What is a process? What is a research? Give examples of research you know, have read or have conducted

5. INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT  Everyday, problems exist to be solved but sometimes, we make deliberate attempt to identify problems, analysis the problem and when this becomes deliberate and systematic and scientific, it is referred to as a research 5

6. Research A; QUANTITATIVE The acceptance of Pentavalent Vaccine among mothers in Ekiti state

7. Research B; QUALITATIVE The use of religious facilities for giving birth

8. Definition- Research A studious inquiry or examination especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. Merriam- Webster online dictionary A process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue

9. Definition- Research Nursing research, according to Cronin (1993), is the pursuit of scientifically based knowledge on which the practice of nursing can be based.

10. Definition - Process A series of actions, changes or functions brining about a result ( The free Online Dictionary)

11. Formulating and delimiting the problem-1 Problems could be simple or complex, they could be selected for you as a student, could be found from our varied readings ( literature), day to day experiences and in complex issues like testing a strategy or treatment. The Why? What ? Is there a better way/ method? Delimit by asking, is it feasible, researchable, are there facilities to conduct the research, is it significant?

12. Reviewing the literature-2 Search literature for existing work / information. It gives foundation for knowledge, identification of gaps in knowledge, methods used and that can be used Select topic and search for it though internet services eg Google, yahoo, pubmed, books, journals

13. Selecting the research design-3 The overall plan. It gives direction to the study on which of the methodologies would be used

14. Define the population of study-4 What is the group to be studied..is it human beings? What sex, age group, specific group, geographical location This is the aggregate of all the individuals or object to be studied.

15. Designing the sample plan-5 The sample is a representative entity from the total population. A subset of the population.

16. Specifying methods to measure the research variables 6 Write a proposal ; indicate what is to be done. Design, population, instrument,,.

17. Conducting a Pilot Study and Making Revisions-7 The pilot study is a miniature or small scale trial of the study. It gives information on what the study will entail, challenges to be met, testing of instruments etc

18. Collecting the data-8 This is the actual procedure for getting information. The sample is recruited, Instruments to be used are produced, there may be need to train research assistants and data gathering

19. Preparing the data for analysis-9 Need for data cleaning, Feeding raw data into statistical softwares

20. Analysing the data-10 Statistical test are carried out. Descriptive- frequencies, percentages, mean standard deviation etc. Inferential- Chi square, regression analysis,

21. Interpreting the Results-11 Explain the findings in the light of the theory and existing literature Write out the results

22. Communicating the Findings-12 1. Write out the report for your dept / the funding organization 2. Results are disseminated either through seminars, workshops, publications. This is done so that others may have access to the knowledge.

23. Utilizing the findings-13 Use in practice- Evidenced based. In nursing, use the results in clinical work to modify or introduce new strategies for nursing care

24. Qualitative research Qualitative research deals with sensitive issues or issues that are not well understood. Exploring a situation. Theses are the steps- 1. Conceptualizing and Planning the Research 2. Conducting the research 3. Analysis of data 4. Disseminating the research

25. Conceptualizing and Planning the Research-1 The issue can be clarified based on researchers’ self reflection or literature search. Identify the site, the setting and population to study

26. Conducting the research Most of the time sample size is based on saturation of information Methods – in depth interview, focus group discussion, observation techniques, Openness in collection of data. Audio or video recording.

27. Analysis of data Content analysis Use of soft wares

28. Disseminating the research Reports are rich verbatin passages directly from participants

29. Summary There are two main types of research. The research process in the quantitative is more logical, sequential and rigorous. It is analyzed with statistical tests. The qualitative is less rigid and can not be analyzed with statistics

30. Assignment Break up into groups of 6 or 10. each group should pick a research article in a reputable journal preferably a manuscript from one of the lecturers in the dept. Study and identify each step of the process Next week, we are discussing Ethical issues in research.

31. Essay Questions Differentiate between quantative and qualitative research. Identify the steps of quantitative research Identify the steps of the qualitative research