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COLONIAL AMERICA Unit IB AP U.S. History
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England ► Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power ► Population increases ► Joint-stock companies develop ► Religious conflicts divide the nation ► Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions
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English Colonies ► Charters ► Corporate Colony Granted a charter to stockholders Ex. Virginia ► Proprietary Colony Granted a charter to individual or group Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania ► Royal Colony Under direct control of the monarch Ex. New Hampshire Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts
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The First English Colonies ► First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585 ► First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat” John Rolfe - tobacco
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Who is this?
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Oh yeah…Pocahontas
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Disney’s John Smith
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Hollywood’s John Smith
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This is John Smith.
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Pilgrims ► Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia ► Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters ► Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth (1620)
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Mayflower Compact
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The Mayflower (II)
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Look, a big rock.
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Wampanoag Dwelling
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Plymouth Colony
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Thirteen Colonies
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New England ► Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630) John Winthrop and “city upon a hill” ► Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams (1636) “Wall of separation” ► Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638) Antinomianism ► Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker (1636-1637) ► New Hampshire (1679)
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New England and Religion ► Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle ► Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode Island ► Halfway Covenant Attempt to increase members ► Salem Witch Trials (1692- 1693) Cotton Mather Spectral evidence
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New England Politics ► Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) First written constitution in America ► Relations with Natives New England Confederation (1643-1684) ► Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven ► King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676) New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag alliance
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Middle Colonies ► Development New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New York Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702 Pennsylvania settled by Quakers Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702) ► Economics Develop wheat and corn farms ► “Bread basket” of the colonies Eventually into manufacturing and trade
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Pennsylvania ► William Penn (1681) ► Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers ► Holy Experiment Religious refuge Liberal political ideals Economic success Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties
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Southern Colonies ► Maryland (1634) ► Virginia (1607) ► Carolinas (1663) North Carolina (1729) South Carolina (1729) ► Georgia (1732)
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Virginia ► Jamestown (1607) ► House of Burgesses in 1619 First legislative assembly in the colonies ► Becomes royal colony in 1624 ► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Inequities between large landowners and western farmers Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley ► Headright System 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant
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Maryland ► Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Catholics ► Act of Toleration (1649) Toleration of all Christian sects Death to those who denied Jesus ► Religious civil war brought control to Protestants
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Carolinas ► North Carolina Tobacco plantations Well-established autonomy ► South Carolina Rice plantations Became heavily dependent on slavery
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Georgia ► James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732 Social experiment ► Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida ► Debtors colony
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Colonial Religion ► Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration ► Protestant dominant Limited Anglican ► The Great Awakening (1730s- 1740s) Jonathan Edwards ► “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” George Whitefield Evangelism
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Colonial Religion
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Colonial Politics ► ► Limited Self-Government Elected bicameral legislative assemblies Governors Local governments ► ► Voting Limited to adult male educated and/or property owners ► ► Freedom of Expression John Peter Zenger Case (1735)
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Dominion of New England (1686-1689) ► ► Established by King James II to consolidate colonies ► ► Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey ► ► Governor Edmund Andros ► ► Dissolution
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Colonial Society ► ► American Social Structure Wealthy landowners Merchants Small farmers Craftspeople ► ► Opportunity Less dependent on heredity ► ► Gender Roles Men ► ► Patriarchal society, landowners, workers Women ► ► Submissive to men but respected, domestic responsibilities, limited to no political rights
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Colonial American Culture ► ► Becoming American Pragmatism ► ► Dominance of English culture ► ► Folkways Differed by coast/frontier, New England/Middle/Southern colonies
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Colonial Culture - The Arts ► ► Architecture Early colonies centered around a church Urban structures typical of English structures Frontier log cabins ► ► Painting Portrait painters and landscapes ► ► Literature Newspapers Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction books Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin
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Typical Colony Layout
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Colonial Culture - Education ► ► Limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores ► ► Higher Education Most established for ministry/theological studies ► ► New England Colonies Education by mothers Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools ► ► Middle Colonies Private and church education ► ► Southern Colonies Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle
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Settlement and Migration ► 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775 ► Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate ► Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil ► English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish OLD IMMIGRANTS ► Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor
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Colonial Slavery ► Indentured servitude ► Why Slaves? Increased wages in England Labor shortages lead to importing slaves Cheap labor Dependable work force ► Slave Rebellions and Reactions Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion (1739) New York “Conspiracy” (1741) Slave laws
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Slave Demographics
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Colonial Economics ► Mercantilism Colonies for the “Mother Country” ► Acts of Navigation Trade on English ships Imports pass English ports Exports to England ► Molasses Act (1733) ► Triangular Trade Middle Passage
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Colonial Economics ► Land was “gold” ► No established monetary system (gold and silver) ► Transportation Rivers and coasts Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services ► New England Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading ► Middle Colonies Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade ► Southern Colonies Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor
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PUROPOSEDATEFOUNDERMAJOR EXPORT VIRGINIAcommercial1607Virginia Company John Smith Tobacco PLYMOUTH/ MASSACHUSETTS Religious refuge/ commercial 1620/ 1628 William Bradford/ Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Grain, timber NEW YORKcommercial1613 (1664)Peter Stuveysant (Duke of York) Furs, grain NEW HAMPSHIREcommercial1623John MasonTimber, naval stores RHODE ISLANDReligious refuge1636Roger WilliamsGrain CONNECTICUTexpansion1635Thomas HookerGrain PENNSYLVANIAReligious refuge1681William Penn - Quakers Grain DELAWAREcommercial1638 (1681)Peter Minuit/ William Penn Grain MARYLANDReligious refuge1634Lord Baltimore - Catholics Tobacco NORTH CAROLINAcommercial1663Anthony CooperTobacco, timber, naval stores SOUTH CAROLINAcommercial1663Anthony CooperRice, indigo, naval stores GEORGIABuffer, experiment1733James OglethorpeRice, timber, naval stores () - Becomes an English colony
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