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THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER Unit IVD AP United States History
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Fundamental Questions ► ► Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the nation’s issues? ► ► How better off was the nation after the Civil War and Reconstruction?
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The “New” South ► ► The Compromise of 1877 withdrew federal troops from former Confederate states, ended Reconstruction with a promise of development ► ► New vision From slave-dependency to self-sufficient and diverse agricultural Industrialization and infrastructure Redemption…
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Southern Agriculture ► ► Cotton remained the dominant crop Cotton farms doubled Large supply of world’s cotton drove prices down ► ► Sharecropping 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers Crop liens kept small farmers in constant debt ► ► Diversity of crops Peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans Tobacco and cigarette companies
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Southern Industry ► ► Growth of cities in the South Textiles, steel, lumber, tobacco ► ► Industrialization spearheaded by cheap labor rates ► ► More railroads built and designed on national standards
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“Southern” Economy ► ► Northern investment control and slow progress kept the South poor ► ► Cheap labor wages and sharecropping ► ► Poor education attributed to Southern poverty
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Redemption ► ► Redeemers pledged to rid Republican control and enhance discrimination Hamburg Massacre Benjamin Tillman Origin of Bible Belt ► ► Supreme Court Cases Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ► ► Separate but equal ► ► Jim Crow Laws and Disenfranchisement Segregated facilities and institutions Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses, white political primaries
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Frontier Thesis ► ► Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 ► ► The frontier defined the American identity ► ► It promoted independence and individualism unlike European conformity and social structure ► ► The distinct American political society was a result of surviving the frontier ► ► The edge of the frontier was the figurative border of civilization and the wild ► ► The loss of the frontier could signal the beginning of social conformity and rigidity
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Settling the West ► ► Mining Frontier Gold and silver strikes leading to boomtowns and states Employed foreign-born miners ► ► Cattle Frontier Ranchers and cowboys ► ► Farming Frontier Homestead Act of 1862; Land Rushes Barbed wire fenced off land Environmental impact
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Manifest Destiny and the Natives ► ► Most western tribes based on a nomadic lifestyle ► ► Reservations ► ► Indian Wars Theaters Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Little Big Horn (1876) ► ► A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 Nonfiction historical account of government policies toward Natives Purpose was to shed light on atrocities and pursue humane and equal treatment ► ► Assimilation Formal education and religious conversion A “white” education ► ► Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Broke up tribal organizations; lands divided into 160 acre plots; citizenship grants; disease, alcoholism, poverty, starvation ► ► Ghost Dance Movement Wovoka’s attempt to drive the settlers out through circle dances and chants ► ► Wounded Knee (1890) Massacre of Sioux men, women, and children signifying the end of the Indian Wars
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Commercial Farming ► ► Agriculture became commercialized on cash crops for national and international markets From subsistence to market/stores Pushed out local/small farmers ► ► Competition and overproduction lowered prices while input costs increased ► ► Organization of farmers against unfair practices National Grange Movement ► ► Cooperatives ► ► Granger laws ► ► Munn v. Illinois (1877) allowed for regulation of businesses in public sector Interstate Commerce Act (1886) ► ► Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), federal regulatory agency National Alliance and the Ocala Platform (1890) ► ► Unity against corporations and monopolies ► ► Favored direct election of Senators, lower tariffs, graduated income tax, federal banking system
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