1. UC Santa Cruz Impact of Failure on Interconnection Networks for Large Storage Systems Qin Xin, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas J. E. Schwarz*, Darrell D. E. Long Storage Systems Research Center University of California, Santa Cruz *Department of Computer Engineering Santa Clara University

2. MSST'05 2 4/13/05 Problems  Reliability is a real concern for large storage systems A large number of components Complex interconnections Human errors  Robust network interconnection is desired Failures of switches, routers, and network links are common Organization of nodes and links is crucial Scale makes things complicated: petabyte storage system -- 10,000s disks, 100s routers,100,000s links Robust network topology Tolerant multi-points of failures without noticeable performance degradation

3. MSST'05 3 4/13/05 Contributions  Examine various network topologies Butterfly networks Mesh structure Hypercube Tradeoffs among them: cost, robustness, performance.  Estimate the impacts of link and node failures by simulation I/O path connectivity Number of hops in varied degraded modes Failure impact to its neighborhood

4. MSST'05 4 4/13/05 Network Topology for Storage Systems  Butterfly networks Reasonable cost Poor robustness  Mesh Brick-structured, good robustness Relatively long path  Hypercube Superior robustness Complex, costly

5. MSST'05 5 4/13/05 A case study: Failure Scenarios

6. MSST'05 6 4/13/05 Simulated Results: Connectivity  I/O path connectivity Measured in “nines”: -log 10 (1-P), P: m/n, m: # of good requests, n: # of total requests. (3 nines = 99.9%) Poor connectively when the connection nodes are lost. Hypercube and mesh are more robust in connectivity than butterfly networks.

7. MSST'05 7 4/13/05 Simulation Results: Neighborhood mesh hypercube  Failure impact on network neighborhood Neighbors suffer in presence of failures. Hypercube outperforms butterfly & mesh structure in avg. I/O load. butterfly

8. MSST'05 8 4/13/05 Summary  A well-chosen topology can provide robust interconnection.  Neighbors around failures suffer much more than average.  Hypercube structure provides better interconnection in degraded modes than butterfly and mesh structure.

9. MSST'05 9 4/13/05 Questions?  For further information, please visit: http://ssrc.cse.ucsc.edu/ http://www.cs.ucsc.edu/~qxin/  Thanks to SSRC faculty, students, affiliates, and alumni  Thanks to our sponsors Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory Engenio Information Technologies, HP Lab, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, IBM Research, Intel, LSI Logic, Microsoft Research, Network Appliance, and Veritas NSF, USENIX

10. MSST'05 10 4/13/05 Big Picture: A Petabyte-Scale Storage System  Potential for data loss Thousands of disks Petabytes of data