1. Essential Question: What is Geography?
Warm-up:
1. What does the word geography mean?
2. What are the 5 themes of geography?
3. Why do we study geography?

2. What is “Geography”?
The term was first coined by the Greek scholar Eratosthenes ( BCE).
He created the word geographia from two different Greek words.
Geo = of the Earth
Graphein = to describe
Geography is the study of the earth.

3. An Extremely Brief History of Geography
The field of geography existed before it had a name.
The oldest world maps are from the Babylonian Empire (800s BCE).

4. A Brief History of Geography
The ancient Greeks explored and documented some of Europe, Africa, & Asia.
The Greek mathematician Pythagoras first proposed that the earth is a perfect sphere.
Eratosthenes calculated the circumference (25,000 miles) of the earth almost perfectly (24,902 miles).

5. A Brief History of Geography
Using the knowledge of the Greeks, Muslim scholars in Persia kept the study of geography alive during the Middle Ages ( CE).
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi ( ) made maps with lines of latitude & longitude.
The great adventurer Muhammad al-Idrisi ( ) created the most accurate pre-modern maps.

6. A Brief History of Geography
European geography lagged far behind the Muslim world.
The voyages of European explorers like Marco Polo ( ), Christopher Columbus ( ), & Sir Francis Drake ( ) stimulated the study of geography in Europe.

7. The Five Basic Themes of Geography
LOCATION
Absolute location of an area is its exact location on Earth (latitude & longitude)
Relative location of an area is its position when compared to a known landmark

8. The Five Basic Themes of Geography
PLACE
The physical and human characteristics of an area
Place describes an area’s geographical setting

9. The Five Basic Themes of Geography
REGIONS
Areas of the world that have common characteristics
Regions can be defined by climate, physical characteristics, economics, etc.

10. The Five Basic Themes of Geography
MOVEMENT
The way people, goods, and ideas travel from place to place
People move in hundreds of ways
Goods move by many modes of transportation
Ideas are communicated in a variety of ways

11. The Five Basic Themes of Geography
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION
The way the Earth appears as a result of how humans have changed it

12. Activity!
Using the Geography Textbooks, and your notes, answer #1-5 on page 22.

13. Daily Geo Warm-Up, 8/11 Essential Question: How do Population Patterns Describe a Place?

14. Population Growth
Growth rate: In recent years, death rates have declined more than birth rates. This means more people are being born than dying.
This is because of improved diet and health care.
Birth rates are higher in economically developing countries and lower in wealthy industrialized countries.
Why?

15. Population Growth
Death Rate- The number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people.
Birth Rate- The number of births per year for every 1,000 people.
Growth Rate= Birth Rate- Death Rate it measures the natural increase of the population
Doubling Time- The amount of time it takes for the population to double

16. Population Growth Challenges of Population Growth
World food production has risen to meet demands on every continent except Africa
Rapidly growing populations face shortages of fresh water, housing and clothing
Some countries have a higher death rate than birth rate (negative birth rate).
Often recruit workers from other countries to supplement their workforce

17. Population Density
Population density: the amount of people living on one square mile/km of land.
Different all over the world
Most people live near sources of fresh water
Population Movement: The movement of people around the planet.
Reasons: political freedom, better jobs, education, and health care
About half of the world’s population now live in urban areas

18. Look up the populations and population densities of the following:
Fayetteville, GA
Fayette County, GA
Georgia
The United States
Any three other nations of your choosing.
Population densities of countries:
Population densities of towns, counties, and states:
Record your finds in your notes.

19. 8/12 Essential Question: What is culture
8/12 Essential Question: What is culture? And how does it describe a place?

20. Elements of Culture
The world’s languages are organized into families and trees, having similar roots.
Religions influence certain aspects of daily life, have shaped art and architecture, and have been the root of conflicts in many countries
A person is part of many social groups - families, social classes, ethnic groups, etc.

21. Elements of Culture
Governments maintain internal order, protect citizens, and supply public services.
People produce, obtain, use, and sell goods and services (economic activity).
Different countries that share certain characteristics (economic systems, languages, forms of government, or social groups) are known as culture regions.

22. Cultural Change
The world’s first Agricultural Revolution began when nomadic people began to grow food rather than hunting and gathering it.
Cultural Hearths: the first civilizations arose in Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China and Mexico.
spread their ideas and practices to the surrounding areas

23. Cultural Change
Some people gave up farming due to food surpluses and earned their living from other activities. This specialization lead to increased wealth for everyone.
Trade and travel caused cultural contact by blending and promoted cultural change

24. Cultural Change
In the 1700s and 1800s, the Industrial Revolution made goods produced in factories very common.
The Information Revolution of the past 50 years has created computers that can store massive amounts of information and send it around the world instantly.

25. Define the following terms:
Use Chapter 4, Section 2 of the World Geography textbook to answer the following questions.
Define the following terms:
culture
language families
ethnic group
culture region
Explain why these places are important in the development of human culture(s).
Egypt
Iraq
Pakistan
China
Mexico

26. 8/13 Essential Question: How does Agriculture and Industry impact Geography?

27. Energy Resources
Our main sources of energy right now are nonrenewable resources (minerals and fossil fuels).
Scientists are working on finding alternatives.
Hydroelectric energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Nuclear energy
Natural resources are not evenly distributed over the Earth.

28. Economic Development
In developed countries only a small portion of the population works in agriculture.
In developing countries most people are subsistence farmers.

29. Economic Development
Industrialization has recently helped change economies in countries that once relied mostly on agriculture, such as China and Malaysia.
Certain militant groups in developing countries have used terrorism to counter the global influence of developed countries.

30. World Trade Barriers to free trade:
Governments try to manage trade to benefit its own people
They often add tariffs (taxes) to imported goods or set limits on how much can be imported from other countries
A country can ban trade with another country (embargo)

31. World Trade Free trade:
The World Trade Organization promotes free trade internationally
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has removed trade barriers among the United States, Canada and Mexico

32. Class Discussion: Should we have unrestricted and free trade?
Are protections (tariffs) and Trade barriers necessary?
Why?
Should we end our embargo with Cuba?
Why/why not?

33. Closing Activity Use the Map on page 92 to answer the questions 1 & 2
Use the Chart on page 94 to answer questions 1 & 2