1. Phonetics The object of study of phonetics are called phones. Phones are actual speech sounds as uttered by human beings. Phonetics has three main branches: articulatory phonetics, concerned with the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, and other speech organs in producing speech; acoustic phonetics, concerned with the properties of the sound waves; and auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception.

2. Vowels 1.How high is the tongue? 2. What part of the tongue is involved, and is that part up, down, or neutral in the mouth? 3. What is the position of the lips? 2

3. High front tense vowel i (heat) 3

4. High front lax vowel ı (bit) 4

5. Mid front tense vowel e (bait) 5

6. Mid front lax vowel ε (bet) 6

7. Low front vowel æ (back) 7

8. High back tense and round vowel (food) u 8

9. high back lax and round vowel (foot) υ 9

10. Mid back, tense and round vowel (boat) o 10

11. Mid back lax and round vowel (bought) ɔ 11

12. Low back unround vowel a (bomb) 12

13. schwa ə (won) 13

14. Mid-low central lax vowel (cut) ＾ 14

15. Vowel Chart i u ı υ e ə o ε ＾ ɔ a æ 15

16. phoneme phoneme vs. allophones broad transcription abstract segment mental unit underlying representation meaning significance distinguish words (minimal pair) unpredictable narrow transcription concrete phones practical pronunciation free variation no meaning significance non-distinctive In complementary distribution (mutually exclusive) rule-governed

17. phoneme allophones phoneme vs. allophones /p/ /t/ /k/ [p], [p h ], [p ¬ ] [t], [t h ], [t ¬ ] [k], [k h ], [k ¬ ] Minimal pairs allophones pit vs. bit /p/ → [p] / s___ spoon, speak time vs. dime /p/ → [p h ] / #___ picture, pure keep vs. beep /p/ → [p¬] / ___# stop, cup

18. Allophonic variations of the phoneme /t/: ( 이음변이 ) ( 음소 ) /t/ → [t h ] / #___ /t/ → [t = ] / s___ /t/ → [t ᆨ ] / ___# /t/ → [t N ] / ___[+nasal] /t/ → [t L ] / ___[+lateral] /t/ → [t Γ ] / V___V in complementary distribution( 상보적 분포 ) = mutually exclusive in their environment ( 상호 배타적 환경 )

19. a. aspirated ( 기음, 기식음, 대기음 ) /t/ → [t h ] / #___ : Tim, take, time, together, terrible b. unaspirated ( 무기음, 비대기음 ) /t/ → [t = ] / s___ : stem, strike, stop, stake, stream c. unreleased ( 미개방음, 불파음 ) /t/ → [t ᆨ ] / ___# : spot, pit, foot, hat, hot, caught

20. d. nasal plosive ( 비강 파열음 ) /t/ → [t N ] / ___[+nasal] : bit me, batman, statement, button, bottom e. lateral plosive ( 설측 파열음 ) /t/ → [t L ] / ___[+lateral] : bottle, cattle, blatantly, immediately f. flap ( 설탄음 ) /t/ → [t Γ ] / V___V : Betty, battery, water, botany, better, hotter