1. Growth of Colonies

2. Growth of the Colonies ► Pop. in 1700: 250,000 ► Pop. In 1775: 2.5 million ► Reasons for growth— immigration and large families/healthy living

3. Life in New England ► Towns were centralized and well organized ► Every town center had a meeting house ► Subsistence farming: produced just enough to meet the needs of their families ► Farms were smaller in New England

4. Commerce ► Small businesses were important to life in New England ► Waterpower provided power to cut wood/grind grain ► Blacksmiths, weavers, shoemakers, etc. ► Shipbuilding ► Fish industry

5. Triangular Trade ► Goods like tobacco, sugar, cotton, furs go to Europe ► Cotton, woolens, metal goods, guns, slave ships go to Africa ► Slaves go to West Indies and Southern Colonies

6. Middle Passage ► The act of shipping slaves to the West Indies/Colonies ► Inhumane conditions ► Disease and death were common on these ships

7. Middle Colonies ► Fertile soil and warmer climate than the New England Colonies ► Cash crops: crops that were sold for profit ► Large port cities ► Industry was very important (lumber, mining, manufacturing)

8. Large German population ► More than 100,000 Germans settled in the colonies ► Most settled in Pennsylvania ► Diversity, Diversity, Diversity

9. Southern Colonies ► Rich soil and warm climate made farming very important ► Commerce and industry did not develop ► Tobacco and Rice were the main crops ► Indentured servants/slaves worked the land

10. Farming ► Tobacco in northern southern colonies: Maryland/Virginia ► Rice in South Carolina and Georgia ► Southern economy grew faster than northern counterparts

11. Tidewater vs. Backcountry ► Tidewater: flat region near the coast that provided large plantations ► Backcountry: region around the Appalachian Mountains where there were smaller farms and poorer

12. Slave Trade ► Overseers: someone hired by plantation owner to keep slaves working ► Slave codes: rules governing slaves in America ► Slaves kept their cultural identity alive even after being separated from their clans/families

13. Trouble in England ► James II takes over for his father Charles II ► Parliament is not happy and they oust James II for his Protestant daughter Mary and William of Orange ► Known as the Glorious Revolution ► James is father and brother-in-law of William

14. English Bill of Rights ► William and Mary sign the English Bill of Rights ► Gave rights to all citizens ► The English Bill of Rights helped inspire Americans to write our Bill of Rights 100 years later.

15. How were the colonies viewed? ► Mercantilism: nation’s power depended on expanding trade and increasing gold reserves ► England used the colonies for purely economic purposes ► Navigation Acts: colonists had to use English ships (brought about smuggling) ► Could only use British ships for trade – very restrictive

16. Colonial Government ► Charter: Connecticut/Rhode Island ► Proprietary: Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania ► Royal: Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia ► Only white men could vote

17. The Great Awakening ► Attempt to bring about a ‘re-birth’ of religious ideals ► A return to a strong faith of earlier days. ► George Whitefield was a well-known preacher and started revivals in 1739. ► Many new churches were started because of The Great Awakening.

18. Life in the Colonies ► Men were the formal heads of the household. ► Men were farmers and business owners. ► Sons could be indentured servants or apprentices: learning a craft or trade in the hopes of starting their own business ► Women could hold jobs, but it was rare. They took care of the house.

19. Education ► Massachusetts Bay passed first education law in 1647. ► Each town that had 50 houses or more was required to have a school ► Very high literacy rate for men. ► Harvard College was first college founded in 1636 by Puritans to educate men to be ministers.

20. The Enlightenment ► The Enlightenment: movement where it was believed that knowledge, reason and science could improve society

21. Conflict in the Great Lakes Region ► British colonists look to expand west into the Ohio River Valley Region ► French settlers refuse to give up land ► Competition between Britain and France date back centuries

22. France and Native Americans ► France let Native American maintain their identity and used Native Americans as a trading partner ► Britain was not as friendly with the Native Americans ► Native Americans favored France

23. Iroquois Confederacy ► Based in New York and was comprised of Native American tribes (alliance) ► Became allies with the British ► Created a buffer between French and British colonies

24. Colonist make their move ► Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia send George Washington to claim land for the colonist ► Was supposed to tell the French they were trespassing; instead, came back empty handed

25. George Washington ► Was made a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia ► Goal was to build a fort in what is present date Pittsburgh ► French were already there; thus, he built Fort Necessity ► Washington was surrounded and defeated by the French

26. Albany Plan of Union ► Discussion by New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland to discuss threat of war ► Goal was to work together to defend themselves and to try and get the Iroquois on their side

27. Albany Plan continued… ► Drafted by Benjamin Franklin ► Plan: one general government; single elected legislature that would assemble troops/collect taxes/regulate trade ► Plan failed because none of the colonies wanted to support it

28. Send in the troops! ► British Gov’t was worried the French were building too many forts ► Send General Edward Braddock to command British forces ► Goal: Drive out the French

29. March on Duquesne ► 1,400 Red Coats march to Fort Duquesne ► July 9 the French and Native Americans ambushed the British forces ► British lose in bitter defeat

30. British Declare War! ► Seven Years’ War: ► Prussia (Germany) fought France in Europe ► Britain fought France in the Caribbean, the colonies and India ► Britain was losing handedly until William Pitt became Prime Minister of Britain

31. War Plan! ► Conquer French Canada under the leadership of Jeffrey Amherst/James Wolfe ► Proved successful as troops destroyed Quebec on the Plains of Abraham

32. Pitt Takes Charge ► William Pitt decided that Great Britain would pay for the war supplies for the colonists – no matter the cost. ► Pitt ran up an enormous debt. ► After the war, Britain raised the colonists’ taxes to pay the debt.

33. Treaty of Paris of 1763 ► General Amherst captures Montreal; thus ending the battle between France/Britain ► France had to give Canada & most of its lands east of the Mississippi to the British. ► France could keep islands in the West Indies. ► British got Florida ► Spain got French lands west of the Mississippi River including Louisiana. ► Marked the end of French as a power in North America.

34. Trouble on the Frontier ► The French loss in the Ohio River Valley, was detrimental to the Native Americans. ► They lost a trading partner and the British raised prices of goods and refused to pay the Native Americans for use of the land. ► British settlers began moving into N.A. lands.

35. Pontiac’s War ► Pontiac, chief of an Ottawa village, near Detroit attacked the British fort at Detroit ► Formed alliance with Native Americans to defend against British aggression. ► Killed settlers along the PA & VA frontier ► The war ended in 1765 after Pontiac’s allies were defeated.

36. Proclamation of 1763 ► King George III declared that the Appalachian Mountains were western boundary of colonies ► Angered land spectators/investors who had already bought land west of the Appalachians