1. Writing an Effective Paragraph
Lecture 22
Writing an Effective Paragraph

2. Review of Lecture 21 In lecture 21, we learnt how to
Understand and appreciate songs in English
Analyze song lyrics

3. Objectives of Lecture 22
After completing lecture 22, you should be able to
Identify elements of effective paragraphs
Analyze types and structure of various paragraphs
Write unified, cohesive and coherent paragraph

4. What is a Paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of sentences that tells about one subject or area.
Each sentence in a paragraph must give information about the topic

5. Reasons to Write a Paragraph
1. Describe something
2. Tell a story
3. Explain something
4. To Persuade

6. Parts of a Paragraph Topic Sentence: Supporting Details:
Topic sentence: States the main idea of the paragraph. It tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. A good topic sentence does two things: 1. It names a subject 2.) It give the focus or main point
Ex: Subject: Egypt Main Focus: Religion
Ex: Subject: Egyptian Religion Main Focus: Gods
Supporting Details: Sentences that are connected to the main idea. They include information or details the reader needs in order to understand the topic. Sentences should be ordered in the best possible order. 3 main ways to do this is either by time, location or importance.
Closing: Sums up the paragraph’s message. It reminds the readers of the topic.
Topic Sentence:
Supporting Details:
Closing Statement:

7. Topic Sentence
The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses and each one had their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land. Some gods and goddesses took part in creation. Other gods and goddesses brought the flood every year. Some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died. Egyptians had local gods who represented towns, and minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognize and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly.
DETAILS
Closing Statement

8. Think of a good topic sentence for this set of details.
Penguin Moms lay the eggs and afterwards leave to get food for 2months.
Penguin dads incubate the egg until it hatches.
They take turns caring for their chick and feeding in the sea.
Once the egg hatches, The young stay sheltered in the pouch of the mother while the father brings food.

9. Student Examples of Topic Sentences
Mother and father penguins both take care of their young.
Mother and father penguins play a very important role in raising their young.
Penguin mom and dads are very good parents.
Penguin parents are very protective of their young and I will show you how.

10. Paragraph Details Topic Sentence:
Arizona has been thinking about extending the school year from May to June, but I think that they should not extend the school year.
What are some details you would expect to see in this paragraph?

11. Examples Some details in this paragraph might be about…
Why Arizona is extending the school year
When they plan to extend the school year
Reasons why it is a bad idea

12. Think of a Closing Statement for this paragraph
Egypt is most famous for their pyramids. There are over 100 pyramids in Egypt but that information is unknown to many people. The most popular and well known pyramids are the Pyramids of Giza. They are located in Cairo. Pyramids were tombs for pharaohs. To complete the pyramids, workers hauled and lifted millions of limestone blocks that weighed an average of 2 and 1/2 tons each. They didn’t have iron tools or wheeled vehicles. The workers carried each stone by hand, pulled them on sleds, and lifted them up mud ramps to be placed on the slowly rising structure.

13. Examples of Closing Statements
Now we are glad that the Egyptians worked so hard so that we can admire the beauty.
The pyramids have been standing in Egypt for a long time, and they still stand for people to see.
You can see why the Egyptian would be proud of all this hard work.
We hope that someday scientist will be bale to figure out how Egyptians built these ancient structures.

14. Let’s build a Paragraph
A Life of Adventure
mary seacole was born in 1805 in kingston jamaica her mother practised as a ‘doctress’ using medical knowledge which women had brought from africa and developed in the tropics from her mother mary inherited her medical skills as well as her ability to run a boarding house from her father a scottish military man she inherited her fascination with army life mary’s own medical reputation was established during a series of cholera and yellow fever epidemics she made her own medicines and emphasised high standards of hygeine as well as enforcing strict quarantine on victims by these methods she saved many lives on the outbreak of the crimean war mary volunteered her services to the british army although she had worked for the army before at its own request this time she was turned down undaunted mary made her own way to the war zone once in the crimea she not only nursed the soldiers but also ran a hotel and sold food wine and medicines after the war mary was treated as a celebrity she was decorated by the governments of four countries in england a poem in her honour was published in punch and even the royal family requested her company and medical expertise

15. Exercise 1 (5 mins) A Life of Adventure Separate into 1. sentences
mary seacole was born in 1805 in kingston jamaica her mother practised as a ‘doctress’ using medical knowledge which women had brought from africa and developed in the tropics from her mother mary inherited her medical skills as well as her ability to run a boarding house from her father a scottish military man she inherited her fascination with army life mary’s own medical reputation was established during a series of cholera and yellow fever epidemics she made her own medicines and emphasised high standards of hygeine as well as enforcing strict quarantine on victims by these methods she saved many lives on the outbreak of the crimean war mary volunteered her services to the british army although she had worked for the army before at its own request this time she was turned down undaunted mary made her own way to the war zone once in the crimea she not only nursed the soldiers but also ran a hotel and sold food wine and medicines after the war mary was treated as a celebrity she was decorated by the governments of four countries in england a poem in her honour was published in punch and even the royal family requested her company and medical expertise
Separate into
1. sentences
2. paragraphs.
Exercise 1 (5 mins)

16. What is a paragraph? A group of sentences What groups them? One idea
Like cutting up your food, you want to present your ideas one by one
Build an argument idea by idea
Until you can get to the end and say ‘I rest my case’
The paragraph is the basic building block of an academic essay.

17. Exercise 1 (5 mins) A Life of Adventure
mary seacole was born in 1805 in kingston jamaica her mother practised as a ‘doctress’ using medical knowledge which women had brought from africa and developed in the tropics from her mother mary inherited her medical skills as well as her ability to run a boarding house from her father a scottish military man she inherited her fascination with army life mary’s own medical reputation was established during a series of cholera and yellow fever epidemics she made her own medicines and emphasised high standards of hygeine as well as enforcing strict quarantine on victims by these methods she saved many lives on the outbreak of the crimean war mary volunteered her services to the british army although she had worked for the army before at its own request this time she was turned down undaunted mary made her own way to the war zone once in the crimea she not only nursed the soldiers but also ran a hotel and sold food wine and medicines after the war mary was treated as a celebrity she was decorated by the governments of four countries in england a poem in her honour was published in punch and even the royal family requested her company and medical expertise
Write down the main theme for each paragraph
Exercise 1 (5 mins)

18. Outlines are your recipe
What do you want to say?
Structure
planning
Communicating
your ideas
writing

19. Outlining – Level 3 Level 3 Nursing and models
1.1 Brief history of Nursing practice
Began formally 1790 (Nightingale)
Largely disorganised
Original mission to heal…
1.2 The purpose of a model
Because of disorganisation, model.
Argument for a model.
2. History of models
2.1 The first model
Johnson 1820
2.2 Development and timeline.
Model A
Model B
3. The Markov Model: Strengths & Weaknesses
3.1 What is the model
Multi-team.
3.2 Strengths
3.3 Weaknesses
4. An alternative: Vygotsky
4.1 What is Vygotsky Model
4.2 How overcomes weaknesses
5. Conclusions
Level 3

20. Structure Introduction Main section Conclusion outline of essay
Main point A
details, evidence
Main point B
Conclusion
summary of main points
personal conclusions

21. Structure
Essay Paragraph

22. paragraph structure
Students require more recreational time in order to better
focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that
students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes
consistently score better on tests immediately following the
recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that
physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on
academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly
required to allow students the best possible chances of
success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just
one of the necessary ingredients for improving student
scores on standardized tests.

23. topic sentence
Students require more recreational time in order to better
focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that
students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes
consistently score better on tests immediately following the
recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that
physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on
academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly
required to allow students the best possible chances of
success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just
one of the necessary ingredients for improving student
scores on standardized tests.
What is a topic sentence?
What is its aim?
What is a good and bad topic sentence?

24. supporting sentences
Students require more recreational time in order to better
focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that
students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes
consistently score better on tests immediately following the
recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that
physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on
academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly
required to allow students the best possible chances of
success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just
one of the necessary ingredients for improving student
scores on standardized tests.
Different types of supporting sentences?
Evidence.
More detail.
Argument.
What do they do?
What characterizes them?

25. concluding sentence
Students require more recreational time in order to better
focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that
students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes
consistently score better on tests immediately following the
recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that
physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on
academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly
required to allow students the best possible chances of
success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just
one of the necessary ingredients for improving student
scores on standardized tests.

26. transitional sentence
Students require more recreational time in order to better
focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that
students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes
consistently score better on tests immediately following the
recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that
physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on
academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly
required to allow students the best possible chances of
success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just
one of the necessary ingredients for improving student
scores on standardized tests.

27. paragraph recipe Introduce Expand/justify Conclude
Transition Sentences

28. Paragraph Malfunction
Too long (no structure)
No clear idea or too many ideas
Poor flow (linking words)
Avoid these with outlines.

29. Linking words First Furthermore Another In addition to However
On the other hand
Consequently
Cohesion
Linking word sheet

30. 1. 5 mins Paragraph Building
On the blank piece of paper provided, write
a topic sentence.
Pick any idea or subject you like.
If you’re stuck try some of the following:
Cats are man’s best friend
Virtual friends but lonely
Celebrity
You’re such a tweet
5 mins

31. 2. 2 mins Paragraph Building Pass the sheet to the person beside you.
Read the topic sentence you’ve just received.
Now write a supporting sentence for it.
2 mins

32. 3. 2 mins Paragraph Building Pass the sheet to the person beside you.
Read the topic sentence & supporting sentence you’ve just received.
Now write another supporting sentence
for it.
2 mins

33. 4. 3 mins Paragraph Building Pass the sheet to the person beside you.
Read the topic sentence & 2 supporting sentences you’ve just received.
Now write a concluding sentence
for it.
3 mins

34. Summary of Lecture 22 In lecture 22, we learnt how to
Identify elements of effective paragraphs
Analyze types and structure of various paragraphs
Write unified, cohesive and coherent paragraph