1. Social Development Tool for Institutional Analysis- Organizational mapping Organizations = Structure & Function Organizations are groups of individuals that are formally organized for a specific purpose. Institutions = “Rules of the Game” Institutions are the formal and informal rules of the game in a society.

2. Organizational mapping – What is it and what can it be used for? Provides crucial insights into the reform context Focuses on organizations that are stakeholders in the reform  Organizational stakeholders can comprise public sector, private sector, and civil society at different policy levels (national, regional, local level)

3. Reveals interests, formal and informal practices, linkages, and interrelations within and between organizational stakeholders that implement the policy reform Locates constraints within the reform context that may prevent the implementation of the reform Indicates opportunities to overcome these constraints Organizational mapping – What is it and what can it be used for?

4. Organizational mapping - What are the premises? Subset of the stakeholders identified through Stakeholder Analysis Reform has effects on transmission channels Employment Prices Access to goods and services Assets Transfers and taxes Which are the organizations that are relevant to the reform?

5. Step 1: Map Structure and Function Descriptive listing of organizational stakeholders and illustration of their inter-linkages Creation of an organogram (static map) Data Source Manuals from the relevant bureaucracies and organizations Public information Data Collection Method Secondary data review Content analysis

6. Organogram (‘Static Map’) - Example Political Leadership Planning Finance Line Departments Unions LosersWinners Public Media Political Opposition Civil Society Key Government Agencies responsible for reform

7. Step 2: Map Institutional Processes Identify current practice and dynamics within and between organizations Focus on processes by tracing key resource flows Funds Decision-making Information Identify constraints and opportunities for change Data Source Interview data Data Collection Method In-depth interviews with key informants (open-ended or semi- structured interviews) Focus groups

8. Central Government State Government Local Government Public Process mapping: flows MoneyDecisions Information Central Government State Government Local Government Public ?

9. Types of constraints to consider Constraints can emerge as blockages within the process or as flaws in the logic of the process: 1. Processes within an organization 2. Relationships b/w organizations 3. System-wide issues

10. Types of constraints/ Resource flows

11. Organizational Mapping- Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages identifies institutional problems that may not be immediately obvious generates in-depth information on performance at various levels of an organization, and reflects the perspectives of organizations in the front line of delivering the policy. Disadvantages can be resource intensive to do well (on site interviews in different agencies are needed) results depend on the representativeness of the stakeholders consulted.

12. Constraints and opportunities for change Process within an organization Relationships between organizations System-wide issues To implement a reform, one must change both formal rules and informal practices.

13. Guidance for group work Which organizational stakeholders (public, private, civil society) are key to the reform? What are the institutional and/or organizational constraints to the implementation of the reform? What actions or institutional changes would you propose to overcome these constraints?