1. 7 Contents Chapter Physical Development of Infants
Section 7.1 Infant Growth and Development
Section 7.2 Caring for an Infant
Section 7.3 Infant Health and Wellness

2. Section 7.1 Infant Growth and Development
There are four main influences on a baby’s growth and development.
An infant’s growth and development follow many patterns.

3. Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary makeup developmental milestone
stimulating environment
growth chart
proportion
depth perception
reflex
gross motor skill
fine motor skill
hand-eye coordination
makeup
accommodate

4. Developmental Milestone
A key skill used to check a child’s progress
Not all children meet them at the same time
An overall guideline
Sickness, lack of stimulating environment, malnutrition
Examples: Learning to walk, rolling over, saying their first words

5. Influences on Growth and Development
Babies experience a tremendous amount of growth and development in their first year.
Growth refers to physical size.
Development refers to physical, emotional, social, or intellectual skills.

6. Influences on Growth and Development
The four major influences include:
heredity
nutrition
health
environment
Stimulating Environment! Makes brain connections!
How do you think the environment can influence growth and development? 6

7. Growth and Development During the First Year
During the first year, babies typically triple their birth weight.
Weight gain is a strong sign of good health.
Proportion: The size
relationship between
different parts of the
body

8. Growth and Development During the First Year
Physical development follows three patterns:
head to foot
near to far
simple to complex
Babies’ perception of the world increases using vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.

9. Head to Toe Development
What does this mean?
The head takes the lead in development.
Babies first gain control of their head movement
Their sight, hearing, taste, and smell develop more quickly than arms, legs, feet, etc

10. Growth and Development During the First Year
Speech develops with growth of the throat muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords.
Babies are born with some automatic reflexes.

11. Babies Learn Through Their Senses -Vision
Newborns have very blurry vision
At one week they can focus on object 7 – 10 inches away and can follow object moved across their face
By one month babies can focus on objects 3 feet away
At two months, they demonstrate depth perception
Depth Perception: Perceive objects as 3-D
By six months their eyesight is at an adult level

12. Hearing Babies can hear, even before birth
A full-term baby can already tell the general direction that a sound comes from
Newborns respond to the tone of a voice
Soothing, loving voices are calming to newborns
At seven months, babies can recognize their caregivers voices
This is how they learn to talk

13. Touch
Newborns last brain development and movement skills in order to explore their world through touch
They rely on the touch of others to teach them about their environment
Touch builds trust

14. Smell and Taste Smell does not develop until after birth
Within 10 days, they can distinguish their mother’s smell from others
Taste develops rapidly
They can distinguish the difference between water, sour liquids, sugar solutions, salt, and milk.
Babies put everything in their mouth to explore the world.
Make sure objects are safe and clean!

15. Reflexes
An instinctive, automatic response, such as grasping or sucking
The Sucking Reflex: stimulated when something is put in a baby’s mouth and allows a newborn to feed from the mother’s breast or bottle
The Rooting Reflex: This happens when the baby’s cheek is stroked and they turn to that side
Moro Reflex: Causes baby to throw the arms back when suddenly released
Other Automatic Reflexes: Shutting the eyes under bright lights, grabbing a finger when placed in hand, stepping motions.

16. Fine and Gross Motor Skills
Gross Motor Skills: A skill that involves the large muscles of the body
Examples: Hula hooping, playing soccer, swimming
Fine Motor Skills: Involves smaller muscles of the body such as those in the fingers
Examples: Picking up pieces of cereal, using scissors, cutting paper
Hand-eye coordination: Eat and catching a ball

17. Developmental Milestones – 1 Month
Lifts head and turns it from one side to the other when placed on stomach
Focuses on objects from about 10 inches to up to 3 feet away
Reacts to a parent’s voice (Sometimes)

18. 2 Months Makes sounds such as “ooh” and “aah”
Watches objects moved about 6 inches away from their face
Responds to more sounds and different pitches of voice

19. 3 Months Opens and closes hands Holds head steadily when held up
Lifts head and chest when on stomach
Swipes at objects
Brings hands together

20. 4 Months Supports upper body on hands when lying on stomach
Shows preference for red and blue over yellow
May begin to use vowels and consonants in babbling, such as “ah ga”
Grasps rattle
Puts hands in mouth
Rolls from tummy to back

21. 5 Months
Rocks on stomach while kicking legs and making swimming motions with arms
Reaches out and grabs toys
Turns head in direction of sound
Knows positive speech from unhappy speech

22. 6 Months Passes a block from one hand to another
Puts objects to mouth with hand
May begin creeping
Recognizes basic sounds of native language
Begin teething

23. 7 Months Rolls over both ways Sits up steadily Stands with assistance
Knows parents and caregivers by their voices and by sighs
Can follow a path of moving objects with eyes
Babbles with strings of vowels and consonants, such as “ba, ba,ba”
Grabs for objects with raking motion

24. 8 Months Pulls self up to standing Bangs blocks together
Propels self by arms, knees, or squirming motion
Looks at objects with sustained attention

25. 9 Months Uses index finger to poke Puts objects in containers
Leans forward to pick up toy
Notices small objects
May start associating sounds with objects

26. 10 Months Crawls well Can put objects into containers
Uses index finger to start pointing
Imitates new word sounds more frequently

27. 11 Months Walks while holding onto furniture or crib rails for support
Uses gestures like shaking head for no
Releases objects intentionally
Grasps with thumb and forefinger

28. 12 Months May walk a few steps alone Stands alone for short time
Picks up small objects using thumb and forefinger
Puts objects into and takes them out of containers
Holds and drinks from cup

29. Section 7.2 Caring for an Infant
Caregivers need to know the proper ways of handling, feeding, and dressing a baby.
This knowledge will help keep a baby healthy.

30. Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary shaken baby syndrome antibody
weaning
malnutrition
aggravate
curb

31. Handling a Baby
Babies need to be handled to be changed, fed, bathed, dressed, cuddled, and hugged.
Remove pillows, fluffy blankets, puffy bumper pads, and stuffed toys from bed.

32. Handling a Baby
Always place a baby face up in the bed to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Check a crying baby for wetness, hunger, cold, or pain.
Never shake or jiggle a baby.

33. Sleep Patterns
The amount a time a baby spends sleeping decreases greatly during the first year
Newborn sleeps 16 hours a day (4 naps all about 3 to 4 hours)
3 Months sleep 14 to 15 hours a day
4 Months sleep 12 to 14 hours a day (taking naps midmorning and late afternoon)
6 Months sleep 12 to 14 (sleep about six naps at night)
1 year olds sleep 12 hours a day (9-10 hours at night)

34. Shaken Baby Syndrome 100% Preventable
Usually happens because of frustration
It is OKAY to put your baby down in a safe place and walk away

35. Feeding an Infant
During the first six months, nutrient needs can be met with formula or breast milk.
Feed newborns as often as they want to eat. Overfeeding is not a problem.
Babies must be burped after feeding.
Some babies have food allergies.

36. Burping an Infant
Infants usually need to be burped twice during a feeding
Babies can be burped in many positions
Protect your clothing
Babies do not always burp each time

37. Breast Milk vs. Formula Breast Milk
Contains all the nutrients a baby needs
Contains antibodies to fight off germs
Antibodies are a substance produced by the body that boost’s a baby’s defenses against infection
Has colostrum
The first breast milk, rich in antibodies and nutrients
Germ-free and easy to digest
Breast-fed babies get fewer ear infections
Not all mother’s are able to do this
Takes practice and patience

38. Breast Milk vs. Formula Formula Most often milk-based
Can cause digestive problems
Everyone is able to use this method
Comes in three forms: a concentrated liquid that is mixed with water, powder that is mixed with water, and ready to use
Does not contain antibodies

39. Weaning Changing from drinking from the bottle tor breast to a cup
By the age of four to six months babies have usually had solid food for the first time
Weaning needs to happen gradually

40. Nutrition for Babies Babies need:
Enough calories to provide activity and rapid growth
Foods that provide key nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals
Adequate amounts of liquid
Malnutrition: Inadequate nutrition that can cause poor brain development

41. Dressing a Baby Babies are sensitive to overheating.
Comfort and ease in dressing are important when choosing baby’s clothing.
Dressing and undressing a baby quickly and easily takes practice.
Why is it important to be able to dress a baby quickly?

42. Section 7.3 Infant Health and Wellness
Keeping a baby healthy involves bathing, diapering, and taking care of baby’s teeth.
A baby needs regular checkups and scheduled immunizations. 42

43. Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary cradle cap diaper rash teething
immunization
vaccine
designate
emerge

44. Keeping Baby Clean
Keeping a baby clean helps maintain overall wellness.
Guidelines should be followed to safely bathe a baby.
Babies can be bathed
in a bath or have sponge
baths

45. How to Bathe a Baby 1. Prepare for the baby’s bath.
Gather everything you need, put two inches of warm water into the bathtub, use your arm to test the water, and undress the baby
2. Put the baby in the tub
Support head and neck
3. Wash the baby’s face
4. Wash and rinse the baby’s hair
Use baby shampoo and avoid getting soap in the baby’s face
5. Wash the baby’s body
6. Dry the babies body
Wrap baby in a clean, dry towel immediately

46. Diapering A baby’s diaper must be changed several times a day.
Caregivers can choose between cloth diapers and disposable diapers.
A home with a baby should have a designated diaper-changing area.
Disposable diapers are more effective at keeping a baby dry, but cloth diapers are more environmentally friendly.

47. Diapering
Diaper Rash: A condition that includes patches of rough, red, irritated skin in the diaper area.
Controlling bacteria in diapers helps this condition.

48. Health Care Teething begins at about six months of age.
Caregivers must learn how to keep children protected from a variety of safety hazards.
teething
The process of the teeth pushing their way through the gums.

49. Health Care Babies and infants should have regular medical checkups.
Immunizations are an important way to protect children against certain diseases.
Vaccines can be given to protect from disease.
immunization
A shot of a small amount of a dead or weak disease-carrying germ given so that the body can build up resistance to the disease.

50. Infant Safety Hazards Choking Suffocation Water Falls Poison Burns Sun
Animals
Clothing