1. SOUTHWEST ASIA (Middle East) Historical Understandings

2. Imperial History of the Middle East Who has controlled the Middle East over the course of history? Pretty much everyone. Egyptians, Turks, Jews, Romans, Arabs, Persians, Europeans...the list goes on. Who will control the Middle East in the future? That is a much bigger question…. Imperial History of the Middle East

3. The Ottoman Empire lasted from 1299-1924. They were in parts of Europe, Southwest Asia, and Africa. Very successful, even with different ethnic and religious groups. Controlled much of present day Middle East from 1300’s until end of World War I Istanbul was capital Weakened because of ruling vast land Took German side in World War I SS7H2 – a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict.

4. After the Ottoman Empire lost WWI, they were greatly weakened. Europe (mainly England and France) partitioned the Ottoman Empire into separate mandates. Distribution was unfair and unequal. Ethnic and Religious groups were now close together and they did not get along. Created many conflicts

6. SS7H2 – a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict. Britain and France partitioned the land of the Ottoman Empire. Artificial boundaries were placed in-between lands without looking into what religious and ethnic groups were there at the time. Ethnic and religious groups were placed together creating conflict.

7. SS7H2 – a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict. For example, Iraq was created by merging several regions together. This caused new ethnic and religious groups to be placed next to one another.

8. The Ottomans versus the Allies Which side won? None fully got what they wanted. After WWI, the League of Nations divided up the conquered Ottoman lands. It drew up “mandates” for the Arab world. Each mandate was supposed to be ruled by the British or French “until such time as they are able to stand alone.” The borders were drawn without regard for the wishes of the people living there, or along ethnic, geographic, or religious boundaries – they were truly arbitrary.

9. Effects today… It is important to note that even today, political borders in the Middle East do not indicate different groups of people. The differences between Iraqis, Syrians, Jordanians, etc. were entirely created by the European colonizers as a method of dividing the Arabs against each other. Ottoman Empire Over time

10. As partitioning went on, these kinds of events started many conflicts including: – The Arab-Israeli Wars. – The Sunni and Shia Muslims fighting – Ethnic groups like the Kurds and Armenians wanting their own country SS7H2 – a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict.

11. SS7H2 – b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. Palestine – Created as a British mandate in 1922 – Important to Jews, Christians, and Muslims Much of Old Testament, New Testament, and Quran took place here Jerusalem is most important

12. In the years before World War II, Palestine was: Divided into Transjordan and Palestine West of Jordan River (Palestine) under British rule until 1948 East of Jordan River semi-autonomous region known as Transjordan Most people were Palestinian Arabs Jewish immigrants begin settling SS7H2 – b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe.

13. Jews begin to settle in Palestine because they believed God promised this land to them thousands of years ago This is where Jews lived in the time of Abraham SS7H2 – b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe.

14. What happened to Jews and Palestinian Arabs? – 1947 the British Government ended the Mandate. – United Nations partitioned Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish states – Arabs rejected the partition, Jews declared independent State of Israel. SS7H2 – b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe.

15. U.N. Partition Plan

16. After World War II – Guilt over the Holocaust led the United Nations to create a homeland for Jews in part of Palestine in 1948 – Jews accepted the offer and declared the creation of the State of Israel – Palestinian Arabs felt the United Nations unfairly gave away their land SS7H2 – b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe.

17. Review yesterdays readings

18. The Arab-Israeli War of 1948: Arab countries declared war on the newly formed State of Israel beginning the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. SS7H2 – b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe.

19. CONTINUING CONFLICT Following the Arab Israeli War of 1948: Many Palestinians were refugees There have been many conflicts since then Israelis are surrounded by Palestinian supporting Arabs Arab-Israeli conflict plays a major role in the difficulties that the United States and the rest of the world face when trying to find peaceful settlements to Southwest Asian, or Middle Eastern, conflicts Arab-Israeli Conflict in Numbers 2011