1. Genitourinary System Urinary System for Male & Female Reproductive System for Male

2. Purpose of the Urinary System Regulate composition of the extracellular fluids of the body Removes harmful substances in urine – Nitrogenous wastes – Excess electrolytes

3. Purpose of the Urinary System Hormones – Kidneys secrete Erythropoietin Acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells

4. Structures of the Urinary System

5. How it works Renal Artery – Carries blood that contains waste to the Kidneys Renal Vein – Carries clean blood away from Kidneys Urine – Formed from the waste left by the blood

6. How it works

7. Nephron – 1 million nephrons – Constant adjustment & regulation of contents of blood plasma http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C- Ub0Df44Wk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C- Ub0Df44Wk

8. How it Works Renal Pelvis – Urine is moved to once clean blood leaves Kidney Ureters: – 10-12in long, use peristaltic waves to move urine from Kidney to Bladder

9. How it Works

10. How it works Bladder – Temporary reservoir – Rugae-expand as bladder fills Urethra – Women 1.5 inches – Men 7-8 inches

11. How it works

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJVbFIIyc Ko http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJVbFIIyc Ko

13. Male Reproductive System Purpose – Produce, maintain & transport sperm – Produce the male hormone testosterone

14. Anatomy Scrotum: external sac – Holds two testes: secrete testosterone Each has numerous small tubes called seminiferous tubules which produce sperm

15. Anatomy Epididymis: single tightly coiled tube laying over the superior surface of each testis – Stores sperm once it leaves the seminiferous tubules

16. Anatomy The Epididymus forms into the Vas Deferens: carries the sperm to the Seminal Vesicle

18. Anatomy The Vas Deferens joins the seminal vesicle – Nutrients to maintain sperm viability – Produces approximately 60% of the seminal fluid Ejaculatory Duct: at the end of the seminal vesicle & Vas Deferens

19. Anatomy Ejaculatory duct passes through the Prostate Gland – Secretes alkaline substance, accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid – Protects sperm from acidity of vagina

20. Anatomy Bulbourethral Glands: produce alkaline fluid necessary to keep sperm alive

21. Anatomy During Ejaculation – Sphincter at base of bladder closes Preventing urine from being expelled with semen Preventing semen from entering the bladder

22. Anatomy Penis – Glans penis: enlarged tip of the penis – Urethral orifice (meatus) – Prepuce (foreskin)

23. Vocabulary Andr/o Balan/o Epididym/o Perine/o Prostat/o Spermat/o, sperm/o Varic/o Vas/o Vesicul/o Orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o

24. Anorchidism Congenital absence of one or both testes

25. Aspermia Failure to form or ejaculate semen

26. Balanitis Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis

27. Epispadias Malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis

28. Hypospadias Developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum

29. Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse

30. Hydrocele Accumulation of serous fluids in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures

31. Phimosis Stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis

32. Testicular Torsion Testicles become lose and twist on themselves cutting off blood flow This is an emergency – Surgery within 5 hrs to save testicle

33. Clamydia

34. Gonorrhea

35. Specialties Urology: branch of medicine concerned with male & female urinary disorders & diseases & male reproductive system Urologist: Physician who specializes in genitourinary disorders

36. Specialties Nephrology: Branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the Kidneys Nephrologist: Physician who specializes in diseases of the Kidneys

37. Cystitis Bladder infection – Often caused by pooling of urine in the bladder leading to a bacteria breeding ground

38. Pyelonephritis Bacteria invades the renal pelvis and kidney tissue – Often resulting from and untreated bladder infection

39. Symptoms of Pyelonephritis Pyuria: Large quantities of white blood cells in the urine Hematuria: Red blood cells in the urine

40. Glomerulonephritis Condition that causes the glomerular walls to become inflamed

41. Nephrolithiasis Stones (calculi) may form in any part of the urinary tract (urolithiasis), but most arise in the kidney – Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify

42. Nephrolithiasis Colic: intense throbbing pain caused by the movement of the stone through the urinary tract Urine backflows into the renal pelvis causing them to dilate (reflux)

43. Nephrolithiasis Treatment Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): calculi are pulverized using ultrasonic waves Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): Cut into skin and use a nephroscope to remove stone

44. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Prostate gland enlarges and decreases the urethral lumen

45. Cryptorchidism Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth – Often descend by the end of the first year

46. Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) The tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply or after ingestion of toxic chemicals

47. Anuria Absence of urine production or urinary output

48. Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO) Blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

49. Chronic Renal Failure Renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids

50. Dysuria Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating

51. Urinary Issues Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine Frequency: Voiding urine at frequent intervals Hesitancy: Involuntary delay in initiating urination

52. Nocturia Excessive or frequent urination after going to bed

53. Oliguria Diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient excretion of the end products of metabolism

54. Urgency Feeling of the need to void immediately

55. Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) Screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer

56. Electromyography (EMG) Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra

57. Testicular self-examination (TSE) Self-examination of the testes for abnormal lumps or swelling in the scrotal sac

58. Urethroscopy/Cystoscopy Endoscopy of the urethra or urinary bladder using a specialized endoscope, typically for lithotripsy

59. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample

60. Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) Test that determines the causative organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics

61. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer

62. Semen Analysis Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy

63. Urinalysis (UA) Battery of tests performed on a urine specimen, including physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation

64. Voiding cystourethrography Radiological examination of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

65. Dialysis Medical Procedure used to filter toxic substances from the patient’s bloodstream, such as excess electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes

66. Hemodialysis Method of removing waste substances from the blood

67. Peritoneal Removal of toxic substances from the body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution

68. Circumcision Removal of all or part of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis

69. Orchidectomy Removal or one or both testes, also called orchiectomy

70. Urethrotomy Incision of the urethral sticture

71. Vasectomy Excision of all or a segment of the vas deferens

72. Abbreviations BUN C&S ED GU HTN K Na pH