1. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity EEG

2. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity EEG, MEG, Intracranial, Single cell, Intracellular

3. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity = Can be direct, when you insert the electrode in the brain, or even in the neuron

4. Awake REM Stage 1 Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 4 alphabeta thetabeta theta delta alpha beta thetabeta theta delta Slow waves, hence ‘slow-wave sleep’ Brain waves and sleep states K

5. Effects of attention

6. Gambling and the frustrated brain

8. ERP: event-related potential Channel FCz: electrode over Frontal Cortex, central

9. Single-unit studies, recording electrical discharges of individual neurons

10. The work of Wolfram Schultz et al. Dopamine neurons & reward

14. Not a response to reward itself, but to information about reward More than predicted (“unexpected”) = increased activity Exactly as predicted (“expected”) = no change in activity Less than predicted (“unexpected”) = reduced activity