1. Chapter 4 To maintain an open airway, to check breathing & resuscitate if required To call 911 for emergency help

2. Oxygen is essential to support life Cells in the body die Those in the brain survive only a few minutes How the heart and lungs work together 1.Air containing oxygen is taken into the lungs via the mouth & nose 2.Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs (absorbs oxygen) 3.Oxygenated blood is returned to the heart before being pumped around the body

3. Four elements increase the chances of a collapsed victim surviving 1.EARLY HELP 2.EARLY CPR 3.EARLY DEFIBRILLATION 4.EARLY ADVANCED CARE If any one of the elements in this chain is missing, the chances of survival are reduced

4. If the heart stops beating, blood does not circulate through the body Vital organs, most importantly the brain become starved of oxygen Brain cells are unable to survive for more than few minutes To ensure that the blood is supplied with enough oxygen, chest compressions should be combined with rescue breathing

5. An automated external defibrillator (AED) can be used to restart the heart The earlier it is used the greater chance of survival Can be used safely and effectively without any prior training

6. Unconscious victim’s airway can become narrowed/ blocked Breathing becomes difficult Lifting the chin & tilting the head back lifts the tongue away from the entrance to the air passage

7. Exhaled air contains about 16% oxygen Only 5% less than inhaled air Your exhaled breath contains enough oxygen to supply another person with oxygen Rescue breathing Force air into the passages---air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs--- transferred through tiny blood vessels (capillaries) to RBCs Air containing waste products is pushed out (exhaled) from lungs Supplies tissues with enough oxygen until help arrives

8. Short, irregular gasps of breath Common in the first few minutes of cardiac arrest Chest compressions & rescue breaths should be started without hesitation

9. 1.If you have not been formally trained Give chest compressions; call 911 2.If there is more than one rescuer Change every 2 minutes 3.If the victim vomits during CPR Roll victim away from you onto his side, allow vomit to drain away, clear debris, continue CPR 4.If a women is in the late stages of pregnancy Tilt her right hip to the left when giving chest compressions

10. Mouth-to-nose rescue breathing: 1.With the victim’s mouth closed, for a tight seal with your lips around the nose and blow steadily 2.Allow mouth to fall open and let air escape Mouth-to-stoma rescue breathing: 1.Close off the mouth and nose with one hand and breath into the stoma

11. Face shield- plastic barrier with a filter that is placed over the victim’s mouth 1.Tilt victim’s head back to open airway. 2.Place the shield over his face, so filter is over the mouth 3.Make seal over entire mouth area & give rescue breaths Pocket mask- mouthpiece through which breaths are given 1.Kneel behind victim’s head 2.Open airway & place the mask, narrow end toward you over mouth & nose 3.Deliver rescue breaths through the mouthpiece

12. How to check response: Speak loudly & clearly to child- “What happened?”, “Open your eyes.” Place one hand on shoulder, gently tap to see if there is a response If there is a response: Leave child in position which they are found Check for life threatening injuries & summon emergency help if needed If there is no response: Shout for help Assess for breathing

13. How to assess breathing- look, listen & feel If the child is not breathing: 1.Ask a helper to call 911 2.If you are on your own, perform CPR for one minute & then make the call If the child is breathing: 1.Check for life-threatening injuries 2.Place child in recovery position & call 911 3.Monitor & record vital signs

14. How to check response: 1.Gently tap/ flick the sole of the infant’s foot & call his name to see 2.NEVER shake an infant If there is no response: 1.Shout for help, then assess for breathing If there is a response: 1.Check and treat for life-threatening injuries 2.Take the infant with you to summon help if needed 3.Monitor and record vital signs