1. DARK Nebulae

2. 1 x 1.5 degrees

3. Barnard 33 Alnitak Sigma Ori Flame

4. Dark dust clouds Emission Nebulae seen against a bright background

5. 0.75 x 0.5 degrees The Running Man Reflection Nebulae

6. Milky Way

7. Background star field Bernes 142

8. What is a Dust Cloud? Very fine "smoke" size particles, < 1 um Less than 1000 particles per cubic centimetre Light years thick Produced in dying stars Carbon, Silicon, Iron, ice, gas, organic molecules Very cold, 10K Compressed by gravity and shock waves

9. E.E. Barnard Edward Emerson Barnard 1857-1923 Pioneer Astrophotographer Famous visual astronomer Discovered many comets Barnard's Galaxy - 1884 [NGC 6822] Amalthea - 5th moon of Jupiter - 1892 Barnard's Star - 1916 Barnard's catalogue of Dark Nebulae

10. Barnard's Catalogue Based on wide field photographs, 10 x 10 deg Purpose built 10" f/5 refractor Taken from Mt Wilson, 1905, LA, California Hand guided 2 to 5 hour exposures First published 1919, with 182 objects Final version, 1927, with 369 object North of 40 degrees south

12. PLATE 19 - North of Theta Ophiuchi

14. B72 B68 B69 B70 B74 B77 B255 B261 B76 HIP 85340 b Oph

15. Barnard 68

16. Barnard's E B142 Snake

19. M9

20. B63 B62 B72 Snake B68

23. M7 M6 M74 Parrots Head B86 - Ink Spot B289 B283

24. Barnard 86 - Ink Spot NGC6520 HIP88384

25. Barnard 87 - Parrots head HIP88677

27. M23 Lagoon Trifed M24 star cloud M17 Swan M16 Eagle B92 B93

28. Bernes 157

29. Bernes 157 - CrA DN NGC6723 NGC6727

30. The Emu

32. Carina Nebula Coal Sack Dark Doodad Circinus Dark cloud Bernes 145 Sandqvist 169

33. Dark Doodad - Musca

34. Sandqvist 169 - Circinus

35. Carina nebula 1 x 1.5 degrees

36. Keyhole and Loch Ness

37. Observing Dark Nebula Dark, Dry, Clear Sky Dark adaptation Wide Field - low power Dark nebulae stand out against large background Limit magnification to 1/4 aperture (mm) Larger apertures for smallest objects Binos for many objects

38. Seeing Dark Nebulae Many are hard to see Relax, take your time Study & enjoy the whole field Use averted vision Wait! Keep looking. Notice shape and extent of darkening Notice stars on edges and around the field Some are subtle variations in background

39. Finding Dark Nebulae Not in GOTO catalogues Become familiar with the area Naked eye Use binos Use charts Use photos Take photos! - wide field lens 18-135, stacked Use catalogues

40. Observing lists Astronomical League Dark Nebulae Program

41. Catalogues Barnard - 1927, to 40s, 369 objects Lynds - 1962, to 33s, 179 objects - Palomar sky survey Bernes - 1977, all sky, 160 objects - Palomar with Whiteoaks southern extension Sandqvist 1976 1977, South of 33s, 42 + 95 objects - Palomar Whiteoaks southern extension Hartley 1986, South of 33s, 1101 objects - ESO-j UK Schmidt telescope survey

42. References Astronomical League https://www.astroleague.org/al/obsclubs/DarkNebulaeClub Barnard - 1927, to 40s, 369 objects http://www.dvaa.org/AData/Barnard.html http://www.library.gatech.edu/search/digital_collections/barnard/index.html Lynds - 1962, to 33s, 179 objects http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/nebula-catalog/ldn.html Bernes - 1977, all sky, 160 objects http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977A%26AS...29...65B Sandqvist 1976 1977, South of 33s, 42 + 95 objects http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976A%26A....53..179S http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977A%26A....57..467S Hartley 1986, South of 33s, 1101 objects http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986A%26AS...63...27H