1. Cryogenics Introduction, Overview and Applications Prof. Anand Bhatt APME, IT, NU

2. What is Cryogenics? ● Cryo means Icy cold and Genics means to produce. ● It is that branch of Engineering science which deals with the production of low temperature below 123 K (-150 degree celcius). ● C=K+273 ● It also deals with the different phenomenas occuring at ultra low temperature. ● It explains some shocking and fascinating facts which occur only at ultra low temperature.

3. Important Mechanical Parameters ● Pressure (P) ● Temperature (T) ● Volume (V) ● Internal Energy (U) ● Heat (Q) ● Enthalpy (H) ● Entropy (S) ● Specific Heat (Cp) ● Thermal Conductivity (k) ● Laws of Thermodynamics ● Stress (σ) ● Strain (ε) ● Yield Stress (σy) ● Ultimate Stress(σu) ● Young Modulous (E) ● Heat Engine ● Refrigerator ● Efficiency & C.O.P ● Sensible Heat ● Latent Heat

4. Syllabus Low Temperature Properties – Mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties of engineering materials, properties of cryogenic fluids. Gas Liquefaction Systems – Thermodynamically ideal system, Joule Thomson effect adiabatic expansion, simple, pre-cooled and dual pressure Linde Hampson systems, Claude system, Kapitza system, Heylandt system, other liquefaction system using expanders, comparison of liquefaction systems, liquefaction systems for hydrogen and helium Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems – Ideal isothermal and isobaric source systems, Joule Thomson systems, pre-cooled Joule Thomson system, expansion engine system, Philips refrigerator, G M refrigerator, Pulse Tube refrigerator. Measurement Systems for Low Temperatures – Temperature, pressure flowrate and liquid level measurement at low temperatures. Cryogenic Fluid Storage – Basic storage vessel, construction of storage vessels for oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, safe devices, drawing of the vessel. Insulations – Gas filled powder and fibrous, vacuum, evacuated powder and fibrous, multiplayer insulations, mechanism of theral insulation, apparent thermal conductivity, selection of insulation Cryogenic Fluid Transfer Systems – Different types of transfer lines, process of cryogenic transfer, components of transfer lines. Application of Cryogenic Systems – Super-conducting bearing, motors, super-conducting magnets, space technology, blood and tissue preservation, cryo probes used in cryo surgery.