1. The Immune System Overview Non-specific Immunity Specific Immunity
Systems involved
Cells involved
Non-specific Immunity
Specific Immunity
Antibodies
Complement
Immunology Tutorial

2. Host defense mechanisms
First line of defense: host ____________ and chemical barriers (skin, mucous, tears, etc.)
Second line of defense: phagocytes and ______________________ (non-specific)
Third line of defense: __________________ immune reactions

4. Systems involved in immune defenses
1) Bloodstream
2) Lymphatic system
3) Reticuloendothelial (or mononuclear phagocyte) system -- support system of _____________________ tissue fibers and endothelium
4) Extracellular fluid

5. Communicating systems

6. Communicating systems

7. Important blood cells involved in immune systems
Stem cells -- undifferentiated cells which give rise to all the others. Found in __________ ____________. Produce erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets
Leukocytes are generally divided into 2 groups: granulocytes (polymorphonuclear __________________) and agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes)
Examples of granulocytes: neutrophils (“microphage”), basophils, eosinophils
Examples of agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes

8. Granular leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Agranular leukocyte

9. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes
_____________ -- derived from the thymus. Important in cell-mediated immunity.
_____________ -- derived from bone marrow, primarily. Important in humoral immunity.
Monocytes -- large, common, important in ____________________ and specific immune functions. Non-circulatory (tissue-associated) monocytes are known as macrophages.

10. Lymphocyte: note_____________ nucleus, little cytoplasm.
Is smaller than monocyte

11. Monocyte: note unlobed, rounded nucleus and apparent lack of granules
Neutrophil (a granular leukocyte): note granules and ___________ nucleus

15. Non-Specific Immune Reactions
Inflammation
Phagocytosis (and presentation)
Complement

16. “Rubor” -- __________
“Calor” -- warmth
“Tumor” -- ____________
“Dolor” -- pain

18. Non-specific Immunity: Phagocytosis
Carried out primarily by neutrophils and by monocytes/macrophages (collectively called ‘_______________’)

19. The scanning electron micrograph above, shows a human macrophage (gray) approaching a Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow). Riding atop the macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte. Both macrophages and lymphocytes can be found near an infection, and the interaction between these cells is important in eliminating infection.

20. Phagocytosis by Macrophages

22. Phagocytic killing
Phagocytes shift from aerobic to ___________________ metabolism. Leads to drop in _________, which activates lysosomal enzymes.

23. Oxygen-dependent phagocytic killing

24. Phagocyte failure Pathogens can neutralize phagocyte products:
_____________________ produces carotenoids which quench singlet oxygen
Mycobacterium sp. can grow within macrophages using glycolipids in their cells walls to scavenge toxic _________________ species
Strep. pyogenes and Staph. aureus produce leukocidins which destroy ________________.

25. Specific Immunity: Antibodies or Immunoglobulins
IgG

27. The complement system
“Complement” is an additional mechanism that is brought into play at several levels in _______ __________.
Is a cascade of proteins which result in membrane permeation and cell death

29. The Complement System: a Summary