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Tissues Connective Tissue
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the 3 primary germ layers
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm These give rise to all the basic tissues of the body
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The four types of tissues.
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
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glandular epithelium & how is it classified
A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid Classified by: Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine Relative number of cells forming the gland – unicellular or multicellular
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Glandular epithelium – made up of cells that produce secretions
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endocrine glands, what they secrete & how do they do it
Ductless glands that produce hormones Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids “Stuff” goes directly into blood
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exocrine glands, what they secrete & how do they do it
More numerous than endocrine glands Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell “stuff” goes through ducts Sebum from sebaceous gland secretes acid mantle on skin surface to kill bacteria
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the major types of connective tissue & some examples
Found throughout the body Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, & blood All arise from the same stem cell
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Endoderm becomes gastrointestinal tract,
Endoderm becomes gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands and organs Mesoderm becomes bones, cartilage, blood, muscles Ectoderm becomes the nervous system and skin
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the general functions of connective tissue
Binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation
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the common characteristics of connective tissue
Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin Varying degrees of vascularity Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers Collagen is the main protein of ct
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the major structural elements of connective tissue
Ground substance – unstructured material that fills the space between cells Fibers – collagen (fibrous), elastic (elastin), or reticular (fibrous)
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types of cells you find in connective tissue & where you find them
Fibroblasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts Hematopoietic stem cells Found in mesenchyme, derived from mesenchymal stem cells
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Fibroblast
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Chondroblast
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Osteoblast
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Hematopoietic stem cells
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the two types of loose connective tissue proper given & what characterizes them
Areolar connective tissue Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells Wraps and cushions organs Widely distributed throughout the body
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Areolar connective tissue (loose)
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Loose connective Tissue Proper
Adipose connective tissue Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs
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Adipose connective tissue (loose)
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the two types of dense connective tissue proper & what characterizes them
Regular Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers Major cell type is fibroblasts Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
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Dense Regular (tendons)
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Dense connective tissue proper
Irregular Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers Major cell type is fibroblasts Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules
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Dense irregular (fibrous dermis)
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the 3 different types of cartilage: what they are made of, their functions & where you would find them Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage cartilage
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1. Hyaline Cartilage Looks like jelly – does not heal and usually is cut out when injured with hope of gaining muscle to compensate for the loss Chondrocytes lie in lacunae (a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage) Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression
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Hyaline cartilage Forms the costal cartilage
Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
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2. Elastic Cartilage Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis
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Elastic cartilage has “little eyes”
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3. Fibrocartilage cartilage
Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint
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Fibrocartilage
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the characteristics & functions of osseous tissue.
Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized
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Osseous Tissue
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Osseous Tissue cont’d Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action Stores calcium, minerals, and fat Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis Bones will change shape with pressure: braces/jawbone, tight shoes/bunions, hammer toe
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Bone marrow: 2 kinds Red marrow – site of hematopoiesis
Yellow marrow – fat (this is why you make soup from bones)
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hematopoietic bone marrow of flat bones vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac. It represents 4-6% of body weight. The fatty degeneration of red bone marrow (RBM) (25%) into yellow bone marrow (YBM) (75%) is completed around age 21 years.
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Red marrow C hematopoietic tissue forming new blood cells.
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Yellow marrow
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the characteristics & functions of blood
Red (carry O2, CO2) and white cells (defense) in a fluid matrix (plasma) Contained within blood vessels Functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
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Blood
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