2. Crusades  Seljuq Turks- Muslim people from Central Asia Gain control of Palestine Holy Land Byzantine Empire asked for help from Pope Urban II Christian Pilgrims to Palestine had been persecuted by the Turks. Urban wanted to regain the Holy Land Meeting with the Church leaders and feudal lords

3. Crusades  They would win back the Holy Land Wear the Cross of Christ on their right shoulder or back and with one voice, ○ “ God Wills it, God Wills it, God Wills it! ○ Many people joined to save their souls, some saw it as they could gain wealth and land in Palestine, merchants saw a chance to make money.

4. 1 st Crusade  1096-1099  Europe – Constantinople Suffered from the heat, lacked enough food and water. Captured the city of Antioch, next focused on Jerusalem/fleet from Italy brought supplies Crusaders captured Jerusalem, slaughtered its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants

5. 1 st Crusade  First Crusaders captured Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land under European Control.  European Feudalism/ subdivided land into fiefs.  Change happen between Muslims and Christians.  European customs began to spread and Europeans began to wear and eat Eastern foods and clothes.

6. 2 nd Crusade  1146 Turks take back cities that were captured by the Crusades  City of Damascus, Europeans tried to take over but Turks held on to Damascus

7. 3 rd Crusade  1187 Saladin controlled Jerusalem. Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England led armies Lasted from 1189-1192 Barbarossa drowned on his way, army turned back Philip and Richard fought and Philip took army back to seize English lands in France. Richard and forces under his command stayed in the Holy Land Richard settled for a truce with Saladin Christians were allowed to enter Jerusalem freely.

8. 4 th Crusades  Pope Innocent III gathered a group of French knights for the crusade.  Venetians persuaded the crusaders to attack Zadar (Christian city)- trade rival to Venice  1204 attacked and looted Constantinople  Venetians gained control of Byzantine trade  Byzantine empire collapsed in 1453 to the Turks

9. Other Crusades  Children's Crusade 1212, wanted to regain the Holy Land Didn’t have the right training, equipment, and supplies Many died and many went back home Some tricked into slavery Most of them were German and French Crusades continued until 1291 Acre last Christian strong hold in the Holy Land

10. Trade  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dw L9lqVBxY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dw L9lqVBxY  Barter Economy- goods and services were exchanged for other goods and services without using money.

11. Growth of Towns  Rights of Townspeople: Many towns grew because trade grew Townspeople made living by making and trading goods. Townspeople gained four basic rights ○ Freedom-anyone who lived in a town for a year and a day became free/ includes serfs who escaped from a manor to a town. ○ Exemption: won the right of being exempt, or free from ever having to work on the manor.

12. Growth of Towns Town Justice: Towns had their own courts, leading citizens tried cases that involved townspeople. Commercial Privileges: could sell goods freely in the town market. They could also charge tolls to outsiders who wanted to trade there.

13. Growth of Towns  Guilds: Associations Merchants: ○ Merchant guild- each town had one, they had the sole right to trade there. ○ Other Merchants could trade there only if they paid a fee. ○ Merchants also helped other merchants out.

14. Growth of Towns  Workers: Workers came together in craft guilds: Each guild had members from a single craft. Set rules for wages, hours and working conditions and set standards for quality of work. Master workers of each guild trained boys and men who wanted to join their guild. ○ A boy served as an apprentice (parents paid a master worker to house, feed, clothe and train the boy)

15. Growth of Towns  Journeyman- a skilled worker who was paid wages by a master.  After time a journeyman became a master.  If a master approved the journeyman masterpiece he could open his own shop.

16. Growth of Towns  Rise of the Middle Class: Merchants and masters became the middle class. Between the class of nobles and peasants and unskilled workers. Favored the king over nobles. Middle class started to gain power.

17. Growth of Towns  Towns: Town life: ○ Offered serfs to improve their lives. ○ Began to grown ○ Cities began to rise, most stood on hilltops or along river bends. ○ Had large public buildings, churches or cathedrals, town halls, and guild halls ○ Also cities were small so buildings began to rise up.

18. Growth of Towns  The Black Death. Cities became large Most of them were dirty, unsafe, and dark. Waste was dumped into open gutters Diseases spread quickly 1347 Black death hit Europe. Began in Asia and spread along busy trade routes Rates carried disease On-third of the entire population died between 1347- 1351 Church lost some of its power during this time. Relationship between upper and lower class changed.

19. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages  Vernacular languages: people who had little education.  Latina was only spoken by people who were educated  Present day French, Italian and Spanish came from early vernacular languages.

20. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages  Troubadours- traveling singers who wrote poems about love and chivalry. Used vernacular languages in their works.  Vernacular literature:  Famous English story that was told, King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.  French fabliauz was comic stories  National epic – long poem about a hero

21. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages  Two famous Vernacular literature authors: Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer Dante: wrote poems using Tuscan dialect, became Italy's written language/ thought of as the Father of Italian language. Wrote the Divine Comedy Geoffrey Chaucer: famous work the Canterbury Tales, group of stories told from the point of view of 30 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury

22. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages  http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/d/th e-divine-comedy-inferno/summary-and- analysis/canto-i

23. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages  Education: Nobles and clergy, schooling took place at monasteries in churches. Towns grew/ larger schools opened. Teachers and students formed guilds to protect and gain rights for themselves. Guild was called a universities

24. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages  Philosophy: They tired to use Aristotle’s ideas Church writers tired to bring faith and reason together, this was called scholasticism. Important philosopher of scholasticism was Peter Abelard. Wrote book called Sic et Non (yes and no) Thomas Aquinas a monk

25. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages  Gothic was the style of many Cathedrals in the middle ages.  Gothic- had tall spires pointed arches and high walls.

26. Wars and the Growth of Nations  England: Lords lost power, townspeople supported a strong king. New law and courts and large army supported and gave strength to a strong king Country prospered more and higher taxes were paid. 1300s King Edward II held land in France, this made him a vassal of the French king, led to many conflicts between the French king and the King of England.

27. Wars and the Growth of Nations  Hundred Year War: France’s last Capetian, dynasty died Edward II claimed the French throne. French assembly picked Philip VI the Court of Flanders as king instead of Edward. 1337 Edward brings army to Flanders to take over because it was a popular and rich trading area. Hundred Year War Starts. Different raids and battles England won many battles but lost the war.

28. Wars and the Growth of Nations  Hundred Year War: 1453 France controlled all of England’s French lands except Calais New weapons in Europe were introduced. Longbows French knights on horseback were no match for the English and their bows. Both used gunpowder and cannons in battle. Change also happen in England with Parliament. House of Commons gained more power over the king

29. Wars and the Growth of Nations  The War of the Roses After war ended the war in England began for the throne 1455 the York and Lancaster families started the War of Roses. White rose was the badge of the House of York. The red rose was used by the House of Lancaster. Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster won the war. Defeated king Richard II of York Henry married a daughter from the House of York.

30. Wars and the Growth of Nations  France: France suffered more than England/ war took place on French soil. Fight for the throne in France broke out during the war. The House of Burgundy sided with the English against the House of Orleans. 1429 a girl named Joan of Arc helped, Charles VII of Orleans become king of France. French backed their king drove the English out.

31. Wars and the Growth of Nations  France: French Estates General controlled finances and passed laws. different estates in the Estate General. ○ First Estate- clergy ○ Second Estate- Nobles ○ Third Estate – common people ○ ( going to be an important role in the French Revolution) ○ Louis IX was next in line after Charles VII

32. Wars and the Growth of Nations  France Louis XI set up a harsh government and higher taxes. Became a united Country French King becomes power powerful and the lords like England lost power. Lords kept many rights/ peasants, unlike England gained little freedom, and still owed services to the manor or its lord.

33. Wars and the Growth of Nations  Spain: 1479 Spain becomes United under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. 1515 Ferdinand and Isabella added the Kingdom of Navarre to their territory. Took powers away from the Church courts and from the nobles. 1492 they ordered all Jews to become Christians or leave Spain. Most Jews and Moors did leave the country and as a result it hurt there industry and trade.

34. Wars and the Growth of Nations  Holy Roman Empire: (Read)  Habsburg family, becomes the most powerful family in Europe, because of arranged marriages.

35. Challenges to Church Power  Church power weakens: Innocent III from 1198-1216 ○ Church reached the height of its power ○ Weakened after his rule. ○ First- power was shifting, England, Spain, France forming strong governments. ○ People, question the church and felt that the church laws limited their trade and industry. ○ 1294 conflict between church and monarchy/ Philip of France and Pope Boniface

36. Challenges to Church Power  Phillip of France held the first meeting of the Estates General, he wanted support against Boniface.  Charged the Pope with heresy and selling jobs in the Church.

37. Challenges to Church Power  Babylonian Captivity: Boniface died Philip had a French bishop elected pope. Took the Name Clement V Clement moves Church to Avignon France Next six popes lived there and were French Years that the Pope lived in France called the Babylonian Captivity. Babylonian Captivity- time when ancient Hebrews were forced to live in Babylon, many people lost respect for the Church/ felt French Kings were controlling the Pope.

38. Challenges to Church Power  Babylonian Captivity: Cardinals elected an Italian pope to please local mobs, later elected a French pope. 1417 the church had had two or three popes at the same time. Period called the Great Schism Church divided into opposing groups.

39. Challenges to Church Power  John Wycliffe- was a priest and teacher  Attacked the wealth of the Church and the immorality of some of its clergy.  He didn’t believe in the absolute power of the pope.  Though individuals should be allowed to read and interpret scripture for themselves.  First translation of the Bible into English  English Royal court sided with him, church didn’t and banned him from teaching.

40. Challenges to Church Power  Jan Hus Religious reformer and teacher. Criticized abuses in the church/ attacked the clergy Supporter of Wycliffe 1411 Hus was excommunicated and called before the Council of Constance. Church called him a heretic and ordered his death. Burned at the stake