1. Logistic Regression
Correlation, ANOVA, t-test, chi-square have numeric dependent variables
E.g. test score, number of words in corpus, F2, reaction

2. Logistic Regression
Logistic regression has a categorical dependent variable
Expressed or implied pronoun
I went and got vs. I went and I got
Passive vs. active
John painted the barn vs. the barn was painted by John
Deleted or pronounced
He wen’ home vs. he went home

3. Logistic Regression
Logistic regression has a categorical dependent variable
Expressed or implied pronoun
I went and got vs. I went and I got
Passive vs. active
John painted the barn vs. the barn was painted by John
Deleted or pronounced
He wen’ home vs. he went home
The dependent variable can have 2 or more values
[t] vs. [ʔ] vs. []
Abou/t/ any

4. Logistic Regression Examples:
Possession is expressed with both have, have got and got. What favors the use of each one? Could it be the animacy of the possessor? The animacy of the thing possessed? The socioeconomic status of the speaker? The frequency of the noun that follows?
Word-final /t/ and /d/ in words such as went and field is sometimes pronounced and other times deleted. What is the role of the following consonant, the preceding vowel, the frequency of the word, the ethnicity of the speaker, and the age of the speaker in deletion or retention of these consonants?

5. Logistic Regression /t/ before /n/ in kitten, eaten, fountain [khɪʔn]
[khɪtən]

6. Logistic Regression /t/ before /n/ in kitten, eaten, fountain
[khɪʔn]
[khɪʔən]
[khɪtən]
The oral release is stigmatized in Utah

7. Logistic Regression /t/ before /n/ in kitten, eaten, fountain
[khɪʔn]
[khɪʔən]
[khɪtən]
The oral release is stigmatized in Utah

8. Oral release in Utah
What independent variables influence oral release versus the other two?
Gender
% of life in Utah
Age
Word order in passage read

9. Example Study: Oral Release in Utah
Significance of the independent variables
Doesn’t tell you direction of the effect

10. Example Study: Oral Release in Utah
Significance of the values of the independent variables
Positive coefficients indicate a value favors oral releases
Negative coefficients indicate a value disfavors oral releases

11. Example Study: Oral Release in Utah
Odds ratios (Exp(Coefficient) indicate the odds increase.
The odds are over 11 times greater that women use oral releases over men.
For continuous variable like age, odds ratio of means that for every percent increase in years living in Utah, the odds of using oral release increases 5.3%

12. Example Study: Oral Release in Utah
Results
Odds ratios (Exp(Coefficient) indicate the odds increase.
Odds ratios under 1, such as .912 for age are subtracted from 1
1-.912=.088
The odds of using oral releases decreases by 8.8% for every year older the person is

13. Caveat: repeated measures
You can only include one measure/observation/score from a single person.
If you include more than one score you must include the participants as a special kind of variable (random effect)

14. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
In SPSS, click on Analyze > Mixed Models >Generalized Linear to open this box.
All of the variables are listed here

15. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
All of the variables are listed here
The subject of the random effects, participant and word are dragged here

16. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
In the Fields and Effects tab, Target is where you choose the dependent variable, Binary pronunciation

17. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
In the Fields and Effects tab, Target is where you choose the dependent variable, Binary pronunciation
ZOther is the value of the dependent variable we are going to contrast oral release to
We are going to do Binary logistic regression

18. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
By choosing Fixed Effects we see a list of variables to choose. Fixed effects are independent variables

19. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
By choosing Fixed Effects we see a list of variables to choose
We drag them into the next window

20. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
Choosing Random Effects opens this window

21. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
Choosing Random Effects opens this window
We choose Participant as the random intercept and leave the covariance type as variance component

22. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
Choosing Random Effects opens this window
We choose Participant as the random intercept and leave the covariance type as variance component
Be sure to check Include Intercept

23. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
Choosing Random Effects opens this window
We choose Participant as the random intercept and leave the covariance type as variance component
Be sure to check Include Intercept
If you were doing a participant by other variable random slope you’d put the other variable here

24. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
To add another random effect you click Add Block with brings up another window
Choose Participant*Word > OK

25. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
On the Build Options tab is the Sorting Order
If you choose Ascending the value of the variable that occurs first alphabetically will be chosen as the reference value
Oral over Zother
Descending would choose the last value alphabetically
Zother over Oral

26. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
On the Build Options tab is the Sorting Order
If you choose Ascending the value of the variable that occurs first alphabetically will be chosen as the reference value
Oral over Zother
Descending would choose the last value alphabetically
Zother over Oral
I already chose the value on the previous menu
Press “paste”

27. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
All of the code shows up.
We want a random effect for participant and one for word so we have to tweak one line
l/RANDOM USE_INTERCEPT=TRUE SUBJECTS=Participant*Word
Delete “*Word”
Press green triangle to run analysis.

28. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
Double click on this table to open the Model Viewer window.
Click on each sub-window on the left hand side to see the results.

29. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
When you get this window choose Table under the Style dropdown menu on the bottom

30. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
When you get this window choose Table under the Style dropdown menu on the bottom
That gives you this table you’ve already seen.

31. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
When you get this window choose Table under the Style dropdown menu on the bottom

32. Doing Mixed-effect Logistic Regression in SPSS
When you get this window choose Table under the Style dropdown menu on the bottom
That gives you this table you’ve already seen.
Click on the Coefficient and Exponential buttons to reveal the whole table.