1. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR UNIT III: CH. 4 THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA

3. CLASH OF EMPIRES 1775 – interior of North America still controlled by Indian peoples Ohio River Valley essential for both British and French British - Moving westward French – link Canadian holding w/ lower Mississippi (1749) Brits already “occupied” that territory Governor Dinwiddie formed Ohio Company obtained royal grant of 200,000 acres along upper Ohio River French built Fort Duquesne in modern day Pittsburgh VA gov. sent militia to evict the French Fired the 1 st shots; French retreated/ returned to surround Washington Militia: a group of ordinary citizens who performed military duty

4. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR George Washington, 22 years old, led the militia. Held stock in Ohio Co. Established Fort Necessity about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne May, Washington attacked first leading to several other battles French won most of them Beginning of the French and Indian War (7 Years War, from 1754-1763) – Undeclared until 1756 4th war between Brits and French over America

5. ALBANY CONGRESS 1754 summoned by British government (Board of trade) – shore up an alliance with the Iroquois Nations Intercolonial – 7 of 13 showed Short term – Request the Iroquois tribes to be loyal to the Brits in the spreading war Wanted permanent continental assembly NEITHER GOAL HAPPENED Long term – achieve greater colonial unity and thus bolster the common defense against France Benjamin Franklin – scheme for colonial home rule Delegates approved Colonials and London regime did not FEARED colonial collaboration would undermine Brits authority

6. ALBANY PLAN – A PLAN OF UNION

7. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR - PITT American launched a full scale invasion of Canada in 1756 under General Braddock – Failed at making anything happen William Pitt, successful statesman in London government later Secretary of State in England – Re-strategized British tactics Young leaders Concentrate in Quebec/Montreal area Led to significant British victories over France and eventually entire victory

8. TREATY OF PARIS 1763 Fall of Quebec and Montreal in 1760 = conquest of Canada complete War officially ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris of 1763 Brits claimed all land east of the Mississippi River and FL from Spain Spain gained French lands west of the Miss. River in compensation for aid during war France controlled only a few small islands POWER THROWN COMPLETELY OFF OF NORTH AMERICA Native Americans NOT included in negotiations ***RESULT: GREAT BRITAIN WON CLASH OF EMPIRES IN NORTH AMERICA

9. LAND CLAIMS EMPIRES 1754; 1763

10. RESULT FOR NATIVES Could no longer play empires off one another – expansion of Brits into NA territory great threat Pontiac’s Rebellion Ottawa chief Pontiac led uprising in 1763 1763 - Tried to push British out of Ohio River Valley w/ uprising of local tribes Wiped a lot out until… SMALLPOX BLANKETS!!!! Brits regained control and signed peace agreement w/ NA Reserved land West of Apps for NA Stabilize the situation on the frontier

11. RESULT FOR COLONIALS Increased confidence in military Fought toe to toe with British redcoats Showed weaknesses of British Bolstered trade with foreign governments Felt they were owed gratitude – didn’t earn land after war Growth of colonial unity

12. PROCLAMATION OF 1763 Prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments Barred Anglo settlement west of Appalachians to avoid border disputes Work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent another bloody eruption Americans were dismayed and angered – they just won the war for this! Sparked defiant reaction from settlers and land speculators