1. Youth, Crime and Media MEP208 10. Surveillance, CCTV and media

2. Why so much surveillance? Surveillance has two sides – to protect and to impose totalitarian rule (Lyon 1994) Also a mechanism through which government provides administration of welfare, health, security (Dandeker 1990) Tax collection, law enforcement and administration of justice all dependent on systems of storage and retrieval

3. The Panopticon Jeremy Bentham designed the total surveillance prison Foucault (1975) extended the Panopticon model to other social institutions: hospitals, schools, factories Surveillance is a form of power – enables the watchers to gaze over the watched – CCTV has vast disciplinary potential (Reeve 1998; Bannister et al 1998)

4. How does CCTV reduce crime? (1) Pervasive nature of CCTV in contemporary urban environments Not one ‘Big Brother’ but lots of little brothers with different agendas (Norris and Armstrong 1998) CCTV monitors everyday infringements as well as more serious crimes (e.g. Health and Safety and anti-smoking regs)

5. How does CCTV reduce crime? (2) At football stadia CCTV not only directed at disorder but even gestures and lip movements (Armstrong and Giulianotti 1998) CCTV creates ‘fortress cities’ – it is used to police the boundaries between affluent and impoverished areas, High Street shops and cheaper markets

6. Does CCTV really work? (1) CCTV concentrates on urban street crimes – does this merely displace rather than deter criminal activities? CCTV leads to ‘thinning of the mesh and widening of the net’ (Cohen 1985) – the criminalisation of previously unnoticed deviance and infractions of ever decreasing seriousness

7. Does CCTV really work? (2) Effectiveness depends on speed and quality of information flow CCTV harbours discrimination – human targeting is based on crude indices of race, age, appearance and demeanour (Norris and Armstrong 1998) CCTV leads to reduced police presence and decline in public confidence (Lustgarten 1986)

8. Other surveillance technologies Electronic tagging (Whitfield 2001) Automatic licence plate identification Digital face recognition systems Development of ‘digital persona’ (used by National Football Intelligence Unit) Cyber-surveillance Body data: smart cards and chip implants