1. ___________DEFENSES of the HOST: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Chapter 17
___________DEFENSES of the HOST:
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
______________ ANTIBODY and LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE to an ANTIGEN

2. ____________________
Study of the defense mechanisms against infectious agents and foreign substances
Surveillance of the body
Recognition of foreign material
Destruction of foreign material
Includes nonspecific and specific immunity
Nonspecific or _______: includes 1st and 2nd line of defense
Specific or ________: includes 3rd line of defense
White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes are play an important role

3. ____________ IMMUNITIES - SPECIFIC

4. SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENT ____________ IMMUNITIES

5. ________ IMMUNE RESPONSE
Adaptive Immunity
Third line of Defense
Specific immunity is a complex interaction of immune cells reacting against antigens
_________ RESPONSE
First response to Ag
May take a week or more to develop
__________ RESPONSE
Immune system remembers pathogen on subsequent exposure
Immediate response
DIVIDED INTO 2 CATEGORIES
Humoral Immunity
-Eliminates _________cellular pathogens
Cellular Immunity
-Eliminates _______cellular pathogens

6. HUMORAL IMMUNITY production of specific _____________ against foreign substances called antigens

7. PROPERTIES of __________
Substances that trigger _____ production or other immune response: Antibody generator
Types : Proteins, polysaccharides- induce strong immune response
:Lipids, nucleic acids- weak response
Recognition of antigen
directed at antigenic
determinant or _______
________-specific area on
Ag against which Abs
are formed

8. OVERVIEW of ________ IMMUNITY
Mediated by B lymphocytes
a.k.a B cells
Develops in bone marrow
B cell receptors bind to Ag: triggers proliferation of B cells into
_________ cells
produce antibodies
antibodies produced when antigen binds to B cell receptor
Extracellular Antigen
Memory cell
Proliferation & Differentiation of Activated B Cell
B Cell
Activates B cells that bind Ag
Plasma cell
Antibody Production
Ab + Ag
Cellular Immunity
Helper T Cell

9. PROPERTIES OF _____________ products of B Cell Activation
PROPERTIES of B CELLS:
Special group of lymphocytes
Produced in bone marrow
Mature B cells migrate to lymphoid organs
Produce: plasma cells produce Abs
memory cells
CLASSES of ANTIBODIES:
1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgA
4. IgD
5. IgE

10. PROPERTIES of __ ANTIBODIES
80% of serum antibodies
Also present in lymph, intestine, and tissue fluids
Cross placenta
Protects fetus and newborn
Fix complement
Enhance phagocytosis
Neutralize toxins & viruses

11. PROPERTIES of IgA ANTIBODIES
IgM ANTIBODIES
PROPERTIES of IgA ANTIBODIES
Protection for newborns
Mucosal protection
Present In secretions
10-15% of serum Abs
First Ab produced in response to infection
Agglutinates microbes
5-10% of serum antibodies
PROPERTIES of IgD ANTIBODIES
PROPERTIES of IgE ANTIBODIES
On mast cells and
basophils
Allergic reactions
Lysis of parasitic
worms
0.002% of serum Abs
In lymph and on B
cells
May act to delete
defective B cells
Help initiate immune
response
0.2% of serum Abs

12. CLONAL SELECTION the proliferation of antigen-activated __ cells
(form secondary response to antigen)
(involved in antibody production)

13. CONSEQUENCES of ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN INTERACTIONS
1. ______________
Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa
Prevents toxin from interacting with cell
2. Immobilization and prevention of adherence
Antibody bonding to cellular _______ to interfere with function
3. Agglutination and precipitation
Clumping of bacterial cells by specific antibody
Bacteria more easily phagocytized

14. CONSEQUENCES of ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN INTERACTIONS cont’d
4. Opsonization
Coating of bacteria with antibody to enhance _______________
5. ___________ (serum proteins involved with innate, non-specific immunity)
Antibody bonding triggers classical pathway
6. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Multiple antibodies bind to a cell which becomes target for certain nonspecific immune cells

15. RECOGNITION of SELF and NONSELF
_____________
Glycoprotein receptors located
on the surface of _______ cells
Role: recognition
Confer specificity and _________
Recognized by lymphocyte
cells as “self”
Lymphocytes recognize microbe
receptors as “nonself”
EX.: Major Histocompatability Complex
CLONAL ________________
The process of destroying B and T cells that react
to self as foreign Ags

16. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
SPECIFIC CELLS
T ________________
Respond to _____cellular antigens
Produce and respond to cytokines (chemical messengers)
Subset of T cells with unique CD receptors
Helper T cell/CD4
Cytotoxic T cell/CD8
NONSPECIFIC CELLS
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
______________
______________ cells
NATURAL KILLER CELLS

17. SOME TYPES of T LYMPHOCYTES
1. ________ T CELLS
Regulate immune response to antigens by releasing cytokines (chemical messengers)
Cytokines activate:
Other T cells, delayed type hypersensitivity)
B cell production and differentiation
Macrophages
2. __________T CELLS
Bind and lyse cells (apoptosis)
microbes, viral infected cells, foreign cells, cancer cells
Mode of action
___________ production
make lesions in the membrane of infected cells
___________– degrade proteins
Induce target cells to undergo apoptosis

18. ROLE of ____ T LYMPHOCYTES IN ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE
T lymphocytes have multiple copies of T cell receptors
Receptors have variable sites for antigen bonding
T cell receptors interact directly with “presented” antigen
T cell receptor does not react with free antigen
Antigen must be presented by an antigen presenting cell:
B cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

19. ACTIVATION OF __________ T LYMPHOCYTES CELLS BY T DEPENDENT AGS (CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY)

20. NONSPECIFIC CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Activated ____________:
Macrophages
stimulated by
ingesting Ag or by
cytokines
________ Cells
Present antigens
Natural Killer Cells:
Lymphocytes that
destroy microbes,
virus-infected
cells, tumors

21. CELL COMMUNICATION IN IMMUNITY
Markers: the “eyes” and “ears” of the cell
Cell surface ___________
________: the “voice” of the cell-chemical communicators
Small proteins released from human cells that encounter foreign matter
Two major classes of cytokines:
_________ – important in control of viral infections
_________ – produced by leukocytes, important in innate and adaptive immunity
___________ Molecules: the “hands” of the cell
Allow cells to adhere to each other
Recruit phagocytic cells to site of injury

22. SUMMARY OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ______________________