1. Social Interactions Animal Behaviors

2. Behavioral Controls Genetic: Instincts, hormonal controls. Learned: Imprinting, classical and operant conditioning, habituation, spatial learning, insight learning.

3. Genetic Controls Reflexes are controlled by genes. Instinctive behaviors also have a genetic control. Hormones that guide behavior are coded in the genes. Hybridization experiments with animals can result in “hybrid” instinctual behaviors.

4. Instincts Sign stimuli: Hardwired response to well-defined clues. Results in a fixed-action pattern.

5. Learned Behaviors Imprinting: Exposure to stimuli early in development.

6. Learned Behaviors Conditioning: Associating an action with a result. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning (Trial and error)

7. Learned Behaviors Habituation: Learning by experience NOT to respond to a stimulus.

8. Learned Behaviors Spatial Learning: Acquiring a mental map after observing an environment and learning the local landmarks.

9. Learned Behaviors Conceptual Learning: Forming an abstract generalization; pattern recognition.

10. Learned Behaviors Insight learning: Solving a problem without trial-and-error, usually by thinking a problem through.

11. Communication Signals Chemical signals, such as pheromones. Displays Threat Courtship Tactile

12. Reproductive Behavior Sexual selection: choosing a quality mate. Parenting strategies Many offspring, little care Few offspring, much care

13. Social Groups Benefits Defense against predators Cooperative care of young Cooperative hunting Costs Some do not get to reproduce Some are more likely to become prey. Diseases spread faster.