1. Animal Behavior Nature vs. Nurture Instinct vs. Learning Communication Social Behavior Anthropomorphism

2. 5 Types of Behavior Foraging – How do they find food? Foraging – How do they find food? Social – How do they interact with other animals; both interspecific and intraspecific Social – How do they interact with other animals; both interspecific and intraspecific –Interspecific – interactions with OTHER species –Intraspecific – interaction within their same species Territorial – How do they define and defend their spot? Territorial – How do they define and defend their spot? Cyclic – Do they have a routine that cycles throughout the year, month, season, etc.? Cyclic – Do they have a routine that cycles throughout the year, month, season, etc.? Communication – How do they communicate with other organisms; again both interspecific and intraspecific Communication – How do they communicate with other organisms; again both interspecific and intraspecific

3. Instinct vs. Learning Instinct – reflexes, reactions, knowledge an animal is born with Instinct – reflexes, reactions, knowledge an animal is born with –Ex.- hunger, fear, motion, imprinting Learning – must be taught, not born with it Learning – must be taught, not born with it –Ex.- speech, riding a bike, reading

4. Types of Learning Habituation – animals become less and less concerned about or affected by something the more they experience it; they become desensitized Habituation – animals become less and less concerned about or affected by something the more they experience it; they become desensitized Classical Conditioning – animals learn to associate one thing with another. Ex – Pavlov’s dogs Classical Conditioning – animals learn to associate one thing with another. Ex – Pavlov’s dogs Operant Conditioning – an animal learns through the experience of trial and error, and positive or negative reinforcement Operant Conditioning – an animal learns through the experience of trial and error, and positive or negative reinforcement Insight Learning – animals take knowledge/previously learned skills and put them together to solve a new and unique problem Insight Learning – animals take knowledge/previously learned skills and put them together to solve a new and unique problem

5. How Do Animals Communicate? Visually – bright colors, expressions, actions, body language, etc. Visually – bright colors, expressions, actions, body language, etc. Vocally – different sounds mean different things. Ex.- a good mother can tell the difference between an “I’m hungry” cry and a “change me” cry Vocally – different sounds mean different things. Ex.- a good mother can tell the difference between an “I’m hungry” cry and a “change me” cry Touch – grooming habits, showing love, fighting Touch – grooming habits, showing love, fighting Chemically – usually through pheromones or other scents, ex- a dog peeing on something to mark his territory Chemically – usually through pheromones or other scents, ex- a dog peeing on something to mark his territory

6. How Do Humans Communicate? We have all the communication abilities of any other animal, PLUS we have language. We have all the communication abilities of any other animal, PLUS we have language. Does this mean that animals can’t speak and/or can’t understand language? (Discuss) Does this mean that animals can’t speak and/or can’t understand language? (Discuss)

7. Social Behavior Benefits Benefits –provides protection against predators –helps to raise the young –increased food –division of labor –altruism Disadvantages Disadvantages –Competition –spread of disease –stress due to the maintenance of the social structure (territorial and dominance behavior)

8. Anthropomorphism Definition – assuming that animals have the same thoughts, emotions, motives, and feelings that we do Definition – assuming that animals have the same thoughts, emotions, motives, and feelings that we do For example, do animals think like us? Do they feel pain like we do? Can they be happy and sad? Are they aware of their place in the world? For example, do animals think like us? Do they feel pain like we do? Can they be happy and sad? Are they aware of their place in the world? What do you think? What do you think?

9. Nature VS. Nurture CR-1NATURE VS. NURTURE (16 points) CR-1NATURE VS. NURTURE (16 points) Directions Directions Use the information below to answer Number 1. Use the information below to answer Number 1. The idea that behavior must either be innate or learned is called the “nature vs. nurture” controversy. However, many animal behaviorists believe that a strict dichotomy between the two does not exist. The idea that behavior must either be innate or learned is called the “nature vs. nurture” controversy. However, many animal behaviorists believe that a strict dichotomy between the two does not exist. Differentiate between innate and learned behaviors. In your response, be sure to: Differentiate between innate and learned behaviors. In your response, be sure to: Define both types of behaviors. Define both types of behaviors. Identify two reasons for believing that such a strict dichotomy does not exist. Identify two reasons for believing that such a strict dichotomy does not exist. Explain the evolutionary advantages for animals to exhibit both types of behaviors. Explain the evolutionary advantages for animals to exhibit both types of behaviors. Use appropriate scientific vocabulary and specific details when writing your answers. Use appropriate scientific vocabulary and specific details when writing your answers.

10. BCR Response There has long been a controversy surrounding the idea that either “nature” or “nurture” controls animal behavior; however, many animal behaviorists believe that a strict dichotomy between the two does not exist. Innate behavior is behavior that is inherited or preprogrammed. These behavior patterns are believed to develop in the same way regardless of environment; they are instinctive. The other aspect of behavior is learning, which is a modification of behavior through experience. There has long been a controversy surrounding the idea that either “nature” or “nurture” controls animal behavior; however, many animal behaviorists believe that a strict dichotomy between the two does not exist. Innate behavior is behavior that is inherited or preprogrammed. These behavior patterns are believed to develop in the same way regardless of environment; they are instinctive. The other aspect of behavior is learning, which is a modification of behavior through experience. Many behavioral scientists believe that behaviors cannot develop without experience and that all forms of behavior depend on an interaction of the organism and environment. Other behavior scientists believe that many complex sequences of behavior are not learned and appear to be programmed. This “nature vs. nurture” debate is exemplified in the male white-crowned sparrow, which must learn the song of its species by hearing the song of its father. If it is hand reared it will develop an abnormal song. If it hears recordings of other white-crowned sparrows within the first couple months after hatching, it will learn to sing normally. However, if it hears recordings of another species of sparrow, it does not learn the song. It innately knows that this is not its species and therefore cannot learn the song. It is programmed to only learn songs from the male of its species. If it were to learn the song of another species, there would be behavior chaos, females of the other species would be attracted to the white-crowned sparrow; they would be unable to mate. There are evolutionary advantages for animals to exhibit both kinds of behaviors. Natural selection favors both innate and learned behaviors to eliminate these kinds of errors and thus allow species to survive and reproduce. Many behavioral scientists believe that behaviors cannot develop without experience and that all forms of behavior depend on an interaction of the organism and environment. Other behavior scientists believe that many complex sequences of behavior are not learned and appear to be programmed. This “nature vs. nurture” debate is exemplified in the male white-crowned sparrow, which must learn the song of its species by hearing the song of its father. If it is hand reared it will develop an abnormal song. If it hears recordings of other white-crowned sparrows within the first couple months after hatching, it will learn to sing normally. However, if it hears recordings of another species of sparrow, it does not learn the song. It innately knows that this is not its species and therefore cannot learn the song. It is programmed to only learn songs from the male of its species. If it were to learn the song of another species, there would be behavior chaos, females of the other species would be attracted to the white-crowned sparrow; they would be unable to mate. There are evolutionary advantages for animals to exhibit both kinds of behaviors. Natural selection favors both innate and learned behaviors to eliminate these kinds of errors and thus allow species to survive and reproduce.