Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Introduction Chapter 1 1. What is Computer Network A collection of Autonomous computers interconnected by any media. Two computers are said to be interconnected.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Introduction Chapter 1 1. What is Computer Network A collection of Autonomous computers interconnected by any media. Two computers are said to be interconnected."— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction Chapter 1 1

2 What is Computer Network A collection of Autonomous computers interconnected by any media. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information. The connection may be via a copper wire/ fiber optics/microwaves/infrared/ satellites.

3 Why people are interested in Computer Networks Resource sharing: To make all physical resources such as printers, scanners, equipment, etc., available to anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of the resource and the user. Information sharing: Allowing users to access relevant information and documents, i.e data available to any one on the network instantly without regard to the location of the data and the user accessing it.

4 Uses of Computer Networks Business Applications Home Applications Mobile Users Social Issues 4

5 Business Applications of Networks A network with two clients and one server. 5

6 Business Applications of Networks (2) The client-server model involves requests and replies. 6

7 Home Applications Access to remote information Person-to-person communication Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce 7

8 Home Applications (2) In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers. 8

9 Home Applications (3) Some forms of e-commerce. 9

10 Mobile Users Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing. 10

11 Network Hardware Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Wireless Networks Home Networks Internetworks 11

12 Types of transmission technology Broadcast links Point-to-point links 12

13 Broadcast Networks (2) Classification of interconnected processors by scale. 13

14 1-14 Network Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or receiving data To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a number of criteria

15 1-15 Type of Connection

16 1-16 Type of Connection Point-to-point – Dedicated link between two devices – The entire capacity of the channel is reserved – Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control Multipoint – More than two devices share a single link – Capacity of the channel is either Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously Timeshare: Users take turns

17 1-17 Physical Topology

18 1-18 Mesh Topology Dedicated point-to-point link to every other nodes A mesh network with n nodes has n(n-1)/2 links. A node has n-1 I/O ports (links) Advantages: No traffic problems, robust, security, easy fault identification & isolation Disadvantages: Difficult installation/reconfiguration, space, cost

19 1-19 Star Topology Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called a hub Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between devices Advantages: Less expensive, robust Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single point, the hub

20 1-20 Bus Topology One long cable that links all nodes tap, drop line, cable end limit on the # of devices, distance between nodes Advantages: Easy installation, cheap Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a fault or break in the bus stops all transmission

21 1-21 Ring Topology Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on each sides One direction, repeater Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring cab disable the entire network

22 1-22 Hybrid Topology Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several stations in a bus topology To share the advantages from various topologies

23 1-23 Categories of Networks

24 1-24 LAN Usually privately owned A network for a single office, building, or campus  a few Km Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

25 1-25 MAN Designed to extend to an entire city Cable TV network, a company’s connected LANs Owned by a private or a public company

26 1-26 WAN Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent, the world Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by one company

27 1-27 Internetwork Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks are connected by internetworking devices Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc. The Internet: a specific worldwide network

28 1-28 Internetwork Example A heterogeneous network : four WANs and two LANs

29 Network Software Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Service Primitives The Relationship of Services to Protocols 29

30 Protocol Hierarchies To reduce the design complexity, most networks are organized as a stack of layers or levels, each one built upon the one below it. The number of layers, name of the layers, function of the layers differ from one network to other. Each Layer is to offer certain services to the higher layers. Each layer shields the details of how the offered services to the higher layers

31 Technical words Protocol : The rules and conventions used in the conversation between layer n on one machine to layer n on another machine are collectively known as the layer n protocol. A Protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how communication is to proceed. Peers : The entities comprising the corresponding layers on different machines are called peers. Interface : Between each pair of adjacent layers is an interface. The interface defines which primitive operations and services the lower layer makes available to the upper one. Network Architecture: A set of layers and protocols is called a network architecture. Protocol stack : A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer, is called a protocol stack.

32 2-32 Layered Model: Sending a Letter

33 Network Software Protocol Hierarchies Layers, protocols, and interfaces. 33

34 Protocol Hierarchies (2) The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture. 34

35 Protocol Hierarchies (3) Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5. 35

36 Design Issues for the Layers Addressing Rules for data transfer Error Control Flow Control Disassembly and Reassembly Multiplexing Routing 36

37 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Six different types of service. 37

38 Service Primitives Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-oriented service.

39 Service Primitives (2) Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-oriented network.

40 Services to Protocols Relationship The relationship between a service and a protocol.

41 Reference Models The OSI Reference Model The TCP/IP Reference Model A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

42 Reference Models The OSI reference model.

43 Reference Models (2) The TCP/IP reference model.

44 Reference Models (3) Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.

45 2-45 OSI Model ISO is the organization. OSI is the model

46 2-46 Interaction between layers in the OSI model Layer and interface

47 2-47 An exchange using the OSI model Encapsulation with header and possibly trailer

48 2-48 Physical Layer The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures and functions

49 2-49 Physical Layer: Duties Physical characteristics of interfaces and media Representation of bits Data rate Synchronization of bits Line configuration Physical topology Transmission mode

50 2-50 Data Link Layer The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-free) link

51 2-51 Data Link Layer: Duties Framing Physical addressing Flow control Error control

52 2-52 Hop-to-Hop Delivery

53 2-53 Network Layer The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the source host to the destination host

54 2-54 Network Layer: Duties Logical addressing and routing

55 2-55 Transport Layer The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another

56 2-56 Transport Layer: Duties Service-point (port) addressing Segmentation and reassembly Connection control Flow control Error control

57 2-57 Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a Message

58 2-58 Session Layer Session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

59 2-59 Presentation Layer Presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption

60 2-60 Application Layer Application layer is responsible for providing services to the user

61 2-61 Application Layer: Services Mail services File transfer, access, and management Directory services

62 2-62 Summary of Layers

63 2-63 TCP/IP and OSI Model

64 2-64 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer – No specific protocol Network layer – IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol), RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP(Internet Group Message Protocol) Transport layer – TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User Datagram Protocl), SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol), Application Layer – Combined session, presentation, and application layers

65 2-65 Addressing Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols Physical (link), logical (IP, network), port, and specific addresses

66 2-66 Relationship of Layers and Addresses

67 2-67 Physical Address A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver. 07:01:02:01:2C:4B A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

68 2-68 Logical (IP) Address The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses usually remain the same

69 2-69 Port Address The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same

70 2-70 Specific Address Some application have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that specific address Example 1: e-mail address: kchung@kw.ac.krkchung@kw.ac.kr – Defines the recipient of an e-mail Example 2: URL (Universal Resource Locator, now it is renamed as Uniform Resource Locator) : www.kbs.co.kr www.kbs.co.kr – Used to find a document on the WWW

71 Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Concepts central to the OSI model Services Interfaces Protocols 71

72 A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols Why OSI did not take over the world Bad timing Bad technology Bad implementations Bad politics 72

73 Bad Timing The apocalypse of the two elephants. 73

74 A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model Problems: Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished Not a general model Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer No mention of physical and data link layers Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace 74

75 Hybrid Model 75

76 Example Networks The Internet Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM Ethernet Wireless LANs: 802:11 76

77 The ARPANET (a) Structure of the telephone system. (b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system. 77

78 The ARPANET (2) The original ARPANET design. 78

79 The ARPANET (3) Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970. (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972. 79

80 NSFNET The NSFNET backbone in 1988. 80

81 1-81 The Internet The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use. 1967: ARPANET proposed by DoD’s ARPA(Advanced Research Project Agency) 1969: ARPANET in a reality: UCLA, UCSB, SRI, U. of Utah 1973: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn propose TCP, To split TCP into two protocols TCP and IP

82 Architecture of the Internet Overview of the Internet. 82

83 1-83 Internet Today ISP (Internet service providers) NISP (national ISP) NAP (network access point)

84 Internet Usage Traditional applications (1970 – 1990) E-mail News Remote login File transfer 84

85 Wireless Networks Categories of wireless networks: System interconnection Wireless LANs Wireless WANs 85

86 Wireless Networks (2) (a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN 86

87 Wireless Networks (3) (a) Individual mobile computers (b) A flying LAN 87


Download ppt "Introduction Chapter 1 1. What is Computer Network A collection of Autonomous computers interconnected by any media. Two computers are said to be interconnected."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google