1. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY SECTION 1: THE STUDY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

2. Understanding JD The questions that shape the scientific study of juvenile delinquency constitute attempts to The questions that shape the scientific study of juvenile delinquency constitute attempts to Define Define Describe Describe Explain Explain Respond Respond To delinquent behavior (pg 5)

3. Understanding JD “an understanding of delinquent behavior builds upon explanations that have been offered in theories and findings that have been revealed in research”. (pg 5) “an understanding of delinquent behavior builds upon explanations that have been offered in theories and findings that have been revealed in research”. (pg 5) “Throughout the book we focus on the central roles that theory and research play in the study of delinquency, because these two components form the core of any scientific inquiry”. (p5) “Throughout the book we focus on the central roles that theory and research play in the study of delinquency, because these two components form the core of any scientific inquiry”. (p5)

4. What is Juvenile Delinquency Actions that violate the law, committed by a person who is under the legal age of majority Actions that violate the law, committed by a person who is under the legal age of majority

5. Developing and Evaluating Theories of Delinquency Hirschi and Selvin noted that theories of delinquency suggest a “sequence of steps through which a person moves from law abiding behavior to…delinquency” Hirschi and Selvin noted that theories of delinquency suggest a “sequence of steps through which a person moves from law abiding behavior to…delinquency” Criminological theories try to identify and describe the key causal factors that make up the “sequence of steps” leading to delinquent behavior. Criminological theories try to identify and describe the key causal factors that make up the “sequence of steps” leading to delinquent behavior.

6. What is a Theory? Theory: an explanation that makes a systematic and logical argument regarding what is important and why Theory: an explanation that makes a systematic and logical argument regarding what is important and why

7. Theories of delinquency are composed of two basic parts Concepts-isolated features of the world that are thought to be causally important Concepts-isolated features of the world that are thought to be causally important Propositions-theoretical statements that tell how concepts are related Propositions-theoretical statements that tell how concepts are related

8. Concepts Examples of concepts discussed in text- personality traits, intelligence, routine activities of adolescents, relationship ties, associations with delinquent friends etc Examples of concepts discussed in text- personality traits, intelligence, routine activities of adolescents, relationship ties, associations with delinquent friends etc

9. concepts Concepts require definition. Concepts require definition. Definitions serve two functions: they clarify concepts and provide common understanding, and they describe how concepts will be measured for the purpose of research Definitions serve two functions: they clarify concepts and provide common understanding, and they describe how concepts will be measured for the purpose of research

10. propositions Propositions tell how concepts are related Propositions tell how concepts are related Scientific theories use propositions to make statements about the relationships between concepts.. Scientific theories use propositions to make statements about the relationships between concepts..

11. propositions Some propositions imply a positive linear relationship in which the concepts increase or decrease together in a relatively straight-line fashion Some propositions imply a positive linear relationship in which the concepts increase or decrease together in a relatively straight-line fashion

12. propositions In a negative linear relationship, the concepts vary in opposite directions In a negative linear relationship, the concepts vary in opposite directions Relationships between concepts may also be curvilinear. In this case the concepts vary together, either positively or negatively, but after reaching a certain level, the relationship moves in the opposite direction Relationships between concepts may also be curvilinear. In this case the concepts vary together, either positively or negatively, but after reaching a certain level, the relationship moves in the opposite direction

13. What is a “theory of delinquency”? A set of logically related propositions that explain why and how selected concepts are related to delinquent behavior. A set of logically related propositions that explain why and how selected concepts are related to delinquent behavior. A theory offers a logically developed argument that certain concepts are important in causing delinquent behavior A theory offers a logically developed argument that certain concepts are important in causing delinquent behavior

14. Levels of Explanation Theorites of delinquency operate at three different levels of explanation Theorites of delinquency operate at three different levels of explanation Individual level Individual level Microsocial level Microsocial level Macrosocial level Macrosocial level

15. Assessing Theory Questions to ask as you evaluate theories of delinquency Questions to ask as you evaluate theories of delinquency

16. 1. Conceptual clarity How clearly are the theoretical concepts identified and defined? How well do the concepts and propositions fit together-how compatible are they? How clearly are the theoretical concepts identified and defined? How well do the concepts and propositions fit together-how compatible are they?

17. 2. Logical consistency Does the theoretical argument develop logically and consistently? Is there a causal process leading to delinquency? Does the theoretical argument develop logically and consistently? Is there a causal process leading to delinquency?

18. 3. parsimony How concise is the theory in terms of its concepts and propositions? Simpler is better. Favor the theory with the smallest number of concepts How concise is the theory in terms of its concepts and propositions? Simpler is better. Favor the theory with the smallest number of concepts

19. 4. scope What is the theory attempting to explain. What question is the theory designed to answer? What is the theory attempting to explain. What question is the theory designed to answer?

20. 5. Level of Explanation At what level does the theory attempt to explain delinquency? At what level does the theory attempt to explain delinquency?

21. 6. testability To what extent can the theory be tested- verified or disproved by research evidence? To what extent can the theory be tested- verified or disproved by research evidence?

22. 7. Research Validity To what extent has the theory been supported by research evidence? To what extent has the theory been supported by research evidence?

23. 8. Applicability and usefulness To what extent can the theory be applied practically? Is the theory useful in policy and practice? To what extent can the theory be applied practically? Is the theory useful in policy and practice?

24. Purpose of delinquency research Two purposes: to generate or develop theory and to test theory. Two purposes: to generate or develop theory and to test theory.

25. Generating theory Inductive theorizing Inductive theorizing Deductive theorizing Deductive theorizing