1. 2.2 Major changes over time Learning objective: gradual long-term changes in sanitation arrangements and tracing origins of change. How does consumption and habitation patterns impact reuse? What footprints are left? Source: Rathnabharathie and Kariyawasam, 2007 Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

2. Was the strong link between water and sanitation in the 20 th century a brief detour in human history? agriculture + sanitation water + sanitation agriculture + sanitation Most common Parenthesis? What will come next ? Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden All rural Essentially urban

3. Urine-diverting toilet in the 1860s and sanitation footprints 1910 Stock- holm 60km urine bowl faeces urine collector urine funnel vent pipe Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

4. How pipes gradually took over waste transport Period Solid street- waste kitchen- faeces urine Wastewater 1800 1870 1900 1950 1970 2000 Earth pits for all household waste and content emptied in garden or on nearby farm Disposed of in streets or in yard Urine and greywater to a septic tank/waste pit or straight to water body Container for solid waste Black (WC)- and greywater in pipe to water body without any treatment Solid waste incinerated Some garbage sorted Wastewater treatment plants being built Some sludge applied on farmland Sorting of garbage and reuse Scenario 1: grinder for organic kitchen waste, increased mixing of waste and incineration of the sludge Scenario 2: garbage sorted in more fractions, which are treated separately and used in production of new products Solid waste Excreta Latrine buckets of metal Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

5. The history of management of water and used water over the 20 th century and beyond 1970 2000 Supply Management Demand Management Reuse Management Priority 1: provide water no longer the only concern Priority 1: reduce water volume and emerging interest in wastewater Pri 1: wastewater quality Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

6. Mexico City now has 20+ million people MC Latest opened water source 100 km 1 km Next? 200 km 2 km Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden Courtesy of Ian Adler, International Renewable Resources Institute, Mexico

7. What we have seen so far ….. More pipes and more mixing of various flows has been the mantra for a long period But of late, there is a slow shift in focus from supply issues to what happens to water and waste materials after they are used New focus: to improve the way we deal with excreta, organic solid waste and wastewater in order to treat and use these resources again The future sources of water and nutrients will come from reusing water and waste materials Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden