1. Immigration and Urbanization

2. Reasons to Emigrate Religious persecution In search of better jobs due to population increase in Europe Political disturbances

3. European Immigrants Came to the US via Ellis Island in NY Before 1890: western European immigration (Great Britain, Ireland, Germany) After 1890: many arrived from eastern Europe (Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia)

4. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 act that banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials Why?  Nativism  1873 depression – many Californians feared Chinese would work for less

5. Chinese and Japanese Immigration Came to the U.S. via Angel Island in San Francisco Chinese: CA gold rush, railroads Japanese: recruitment to Hawaii to work on farms

6. Urbanization Definition: growth of cities Immigrants flocked to the cities  Cheap rent and abundance of jobs There were twice as many Irish residents in NYC than there were Irish in Dublin, and the world’s largest Polish population wasn’t in Poland, but Chicago Many southerners moved to northern cities

7. Urban Problems Housing  Row housing, tenements Transportation  Street cars, subways Water  Inadequate plumbing, no filtration to make water clean Sanitation  Sewage issue, trashed dumped everywhere – sewer lines out in and sanitation departments created Fire  The Great Chicago Fire and The San Francisco earthquake Crime

8. Skyscrapers Growing cities were running out of room: solution was to build upwards Why they could be built:  Invention of the elevator  Internal steel skeletons