1. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 1 SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) Paul A. Newman NASA/GSFC Code 916

2. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 2 Main Players NASA HQ – UARP, ACMAP, AEAP –ER-2 - P. Newman, J. Anderson –DC-8 - B. Toon, M. Schoeberl –Balloon - B. Brune –Ground based instruments (e.g. IRF) International - Theseo-2000 –DLR Falcon - H. Flentje –Swiss Lear Jet - D. Feist –French ARAT - C. David –Esrange balloons GSFC –Project scientists – P. Newman, M. Schoeberl –Arotel – J. Burris, T. McGee, L. Twigg, G. Sumnicht, W. Hoegy, D. Silbert –910.3 – S. Strahan, A. Ledvina, A. Conaty, S. Pawson, D. Lamich, R. Lucchesi, etc. –916 – L. Lait, R. Kawa, E. Nash, D. Gent, J. Pierson, S. Steenrod, etc.

3. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 3 Purpose What are the processes and variables that control ozone concentrations over the course of the winter (e.g., temperature, water, HNO3, halogens, aerosols, etc.)? Polar ozone loss - its predictibility in the Northern Hemisphere Observed Changes in High-Latitude Winter Ozone –The origin and composition of air comprising the Arctic polar vortex in early winter –Uncertainties associated with conventional techniques for calculating chemically driven ozone losses –Polar ozone loss during midwinter Processes that Extract and Insert Nitrogen and Chlorine Compounds into Reservoir Species and the Distinction between Liquid and Solid Phases –Chlorine activation and denitrification –Chlorine deactivation and ozone loss Properties of Cold Aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds SAGE III Validation

4. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 4 Polar ozone losses

5. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 5 Polar Ozone & Temperatures Low ozone events are associated with cold temperatures, but only in later years

6. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 6 Mission Strategy Early Winter Set up of the polar vortex DC-8 Balloon Mid Winter Coldest temperatures - most PSCs Chlorine activated Platforms ER-2 DC-8 Balloon Late Winter Maximum ozone loss rate Shut down of ozone loss system ER-2 DC-8 Balloon

7. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 7 Kiruna, Sweden Excellent proximity to Polar vortex & cold temperatures Excellent support facillity at Arena Arctica & Esrange Good flying weather Large town with plentiful housing

8. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 8 ER-2 DC-8 Balloon SOLVE Platforms

9. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 9 SOLVE DC-8 Configuration MTP LASE H 2 O DIAL O 3, Aerosol AROTEL Lidar O 3, Aerosol, T FTIR In situ OH, HO 2 ClO, BrO O 3 NO,NO y N 2 O Cl y HNO 3 CO CO 2 CH 4 CN H 2 O Aerosols Particles Microwave Radiometer ClO, HNO 3 HCl, N 2 O, O 3 Photolyzing Radiation

10. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 10 SOLVE ER-2 Configuration In situ H 2 O,OH, HO 2 BrO O 3 NO, NO 2, HNO 3 NO y ClO,Cl 2 O 2, Cl y CO, CO 2 N 2 O, CH 4, SF 6 ClONO 2, HCl Aerosols & CN (0.01 - 50  ) UV-Vis Radiation U,V,T,p Microwave Temperature Profiler.

11. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 11 Balloon Configuration OMS In Situ Payload CH 4, HCl, N 2 O, F11, F12, F113, H1211, CCl 4, O 3, SF 6, CO,CO 2 Remote Payload JPL - FTIR JPL - SLS

12. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 12 Temperature History USA surface area Phase IPhase 2Phase 3

13. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 13 SOLVE Flights Phase 1Phase 2Phase 3 DC-8 ER-2

14. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 14 GSFC AROTEL temperatures

15. Newman Goddard Space Flight Center 15  Large O 3 loss was observed in the polar vortex:between 50% and 70% locally.  Addition of SOLVE/THESEO data allows O 3 loss by rate-limiting radicals to be determined up to 90  N.  Observed O 3 loss exceeds model predictions (by up to 30%) (constrained by Cl x )  The chlorine budget does not add up correctly: In situ measurement of all major inorganic Cl species (ClO, ClOOCl, ClONO 2, HCl).  Cl: Total Organic Cl peaked in troposphere (1992-93), stratosphere at peak due to CH 3 CCl 3, but F12, and HCFC’s are still rising.  Clarification of the stratospheric Br y budget (50-80% BrO).  Nitrogen chemistry: cannot consistently reproduce NO x and NO y  H 2 O and climate coupling: Tropospheric influence on “lowest-most” stratosphere directly observed  Apparent trend from 1979 (in March only) in all measures of vortex strength.  Widespread, severe denitrification  Discovery of NAT rocks (15 microns)  Observations suggest NAT formation above T ice, possibly by heterogeneous nucleation. SOLVE findings