1. Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Popular sovereignty

2. Voltaire Advocated Free Speech and Religious Toleration “I may not agree with a word you say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”

3. John Locke Treaties on Civil Government The role of government is to protect people’s natural rights to Life, Liberty and Property.

4. The French Revolution Background, Background, Reasons and Reasons and Beginnings Beginnings

5. Unrest in France Bad harvests High prices High taxes Disturbing questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire.

6. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

7. FirstEstate Clergy 1% 1% SecondEstate Nobles2% Third Estate Bourgeoisie, Laborers, Artisans Peasants97%

8. FirstEstate SecondEstate ThirdEstate Taxed Owned Land LandServed in Govt. Subject to Military NO YES NO NONO YESYES YESYES YES YES NO Inequity of the French Estates

9. The Burden of the Third Estate

10. Taxes 50% 50% PersonalIncome 28% 28% Tithes 10% 10% Feudal Feudal Dues Dues 12% 12% Income Distribution of the Third Estate

11. The French Urban Poor

12. 2.Helping with the American Revolution. (Louis XVI.) Revolution. (Louis XVI.) 3.The lavish life style of the King and his court. King and his court. 1.The debts of Louis XIV. from prior wars. from prior wars.

14. Benjamin Franklin at Court in France trying to gain support for the American Revolution

17. The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

18. Marie Antoinett e and the Royal Children

20. Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”

22. Let Them Eat Cake! YMarie Antoinette NEVER said that! Y“Madame Deficit” Y“The Austrian Whore”

23. Commoners 3rd Estate (600 members) Aristocracy (300 members) 2nd Estate Clergy (300 members) 1st Estate The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 1 Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

24. “The Third Estate Awakens” The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.” They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.

25. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

26. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. 18 died. 73 wounded. 7 guards killed. It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

27. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) YRumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

28. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 VLiberty! VProperty! VResistance to oppression! VThomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

29. The September Massacres, 1792 (The dark side of the Revolution!)  Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.  Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”]  over 1000 killed!  It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

30. The National Convention (1792-1795) O Replaced Legislative Assembly O Leaders came from Jacobin Clubs O Most violent phase of the Revolution occurred during this period

31. Make-up of the National Convention 1792-1795 Speaker Jacobins “The Mountain” Radicals Moderates “The Plain” Conservatives Girondins

32. The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House  They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.  Started as a debating society.  Membership mostly middle class.  Created a vast network of clubs.

33. u Journalist who was an early Jacobin leader. u Outspoken critic of the Old Regime u Advocated death for opponents of the revolution u Because of a skin disease, he was forced to work out of his bathtub

34. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) “The Apostle of Terror” u Became the most powerful leader of the Jacobin u Former judge who had opposed the death penalty u Most feared man in France Led the revolution to its most radical stage, the Reign of Terror

35. Jacobin Takeover of the Convention May 31, 1793 u On May 31, 1793, Jacobins began arresting and executing Girondins u Many Girondins escaped and became emigres u On July 31, 1793, a Girondin supporter, Charlotte Corday, assassinated Marat as he sat in his bathtub. He became a martyr.

36. “The Death of Marat” by Jacques Louis David, 1793

37. The Reign of Terror Sept. 17, 1793-July 28, 1794 u Devised to stop any opposition to the revolution. u Defendants were tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal. Trials were quick and unfair. u Guillotines were installed throughout France u More than 40,000 citizens, mostly peasants, were executed in one year.

38. The Reign of Terror Sept. 17, 1793-July 28, 1794 u In May 1794, Danton called for an end to the terror. He and his followers were executed. u By July, moderates had turned against Robespierre. He was executed on July 28, 1794 ending the Reign of Terror.

39. The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children! Danton Awaits Execution, 1793 Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

40. * On September 22, 1792, the convention established the First French Republic * All adult male citizens were given the right to vote * A new calendar with 10 day weeks was created. Nine work days and one day off * 1792 became year 1 of the republic * The monarchy was abolished and the royal family imprisoned The First French Republic

41. Seizure of the Royal Family (1792)

42. Trial of Louis XVI Dec. 12, 1792 - Jan. 21, 1793 u Louis was charged for conspiring against the revolution u Jacobins dominated the trial u On Jan. 15, 1793, Louis was found guilty by a 683 to 66 vote u The next day Louis was sentenced to execution by a 361 to 360 vote

43. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents. They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention. The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

44. The First Coalition March 1793 F France announced that it planned to export the Revolution to all of Europe F Several countries formed a coalition against France. They were: The Netherlands Austria Prussia Spain Great Britain FBecame the first of four anti-French coalitions (1793-1815) (1793-1815)

45. The Constitution of 1793 u The moderates who controlled the Convention finished the new Constitution in the fall of 1795 u A new government, The Directory, was created u The Directory consisted of an executive branch of 5 directors, and a weak legislature u Only property owning men could vote

46. Moderate Control of the Convention July 29, 1794 - October 26, 1795 u Moderates regained control of the convention u All Jacobin clubs were closed u When the economy went bad mobs tried to break up the convention. u They were stopped by a young unknown general Napoleon Bonaparte Execution of Robespierre July 28, 1794

47. Napoleon Bonaparte

50. Peninsular War In an effort to get Portugal to accept the Continental System, he sent an invasion force through Spain. Napoleon removed the Spanish king and put his own brother on the throne. Guerrilla War starts.

51. Napoleon’s army goes into Russia with 600,000 soldiers And, returns with 10,000 !!

52. Britain defeats Napoleon and destroys the French fleet.