1. Sentences and Meaning How we use commas for clauses!,

2. Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Big Barked Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

3. Chunks of Meaning Phrases the big dog in the garden was barking Words go together to make phrases Phrases don’t make sense on their own

4. Chunks of Meaning Clauses Words and phrases go together to make clauses A clause must always have a verb in It may also have other chunks, but as long as there’s only one verb (or verb chain) it’s a single clause Clauses can be put together to make compound or complex sentences. the big dog was barking subjectverb At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.

5. Clauses Phrases the big dog in the garden was barking Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Big Barked the big dog was barking subjectverb

6. Clauses Phrases the big dog in the garden was barking Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Big Barked Sentences At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house. the big dog was barking subjectverb

7. So what about the commas Sentences At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house. Only one part of the sentence make sense on its own – which part? Sentences I was really cold, but I didn’t want to get out of bed for another blanket. Two parts of the sentence make sense on their own – which parts?

8. Commas can also affect meaning Sentence Slow, children crossing. Go slowly there are children crossing the road. Sentence Slow children crossing. This is just describing that there are a group of slow children crossing something.

9. Let’s Practice Our teacher Miss Brown likes giraffes a lot. The human body is a fantastic thing which we take for granted but should really take more care of. School is fun most of the time but can sometimes be boring. When you go to sleep you sometimes have dreams that can turn into nightmares. She looked around wondering if anyone was following her when she saw a shadow behind her.

10. Let’s Practice Answers Our teacher, Miss Brown, likes giraffes a lot. The human body is a fantastic thing, which we take for granted, but should really take more care of. School is fun, most of the time, but can sometimes be boring. When you go to sleep, you sometimes have dreams, that can turn into nightmares. She looked around, wondering if anyone was following her, when she saw a shadow behind her.

11. Subordinate Clauses Subordinate clauses are used to add more information to sentences Subordinate ClauseMain Clause Although I was scared, I crept inside. Although I was scared, I crept inside. The boy, who was ten, jumped. The boy, who was ten, jumped.

12. Subordinate Clauses The main clause still makes sense without the subordinate clause Although I was scared, I crept inside., who was ten,The boyjumped.

13. Put a comma on each side of the subordinate part. Mr Smith the secret agent flicked through the paper silently. The lady who had grey curly hair and thin-rimmed glasses must have been her grandmother. The wind which was bitterly cold howled through the trees. My friend an experienced cook was making dinner. A huge creature covered in scales appeared out of the cave. The kitten a purebred tabby was completely adorable. Put a comma on each side of the relative subordinate clause. Mr Smith, who worked as a secret agent, flicked through the paper silently. The lady, who had grey curly hair and thin-rimmed glasses, must have been her grandmother. The wind, which was bitterly cold, howled through the trees. My friend, who was an experienced cook, was making dinner. A huge creature, covered in scales, appeared out of the cave. The kitten, a purebred tabby, was completely adorable.

14. Emily ________________ was on her way to school. The man _________________ crept silently. The train_______________ sped past the station. The kitten ___________ caught a mouse in the hall. My coat _______ is green. Henry ____________ was lost. My brother _______ and my sister ________ are both much older than me. Emily, who was a small and cheerful girl, was on her way to school. The man, who seemed mysterious, crept silently. The train, which was late, sped past the station. The kitten, which was only 6 weeks old, caught a mouse in the hall. My coat, which was a present from my mum, is green. Henry, who was a cat/dog/small boy, was lost. My brother, who is very tall, and my sister, who is very short, are both much older than me.

15. Parenthesis ( ) Brackets – explanations, additional information, an aside to the reader Ellipsis... 3 dots to show words missing or unfinished thoughts. Dash - Dramatic or surprising part of the sentence. Colon : Introduces ‘that is to say’, or a list. Hyphen - To from compound words and connected 2 words. Semicolon ; To join 2 sentences that are closely connected – a full stop is too strong More formal writing requires the greater use of these

16. Semi-colons They’re out to get you they know you stole it. They’re out to get you; they know you stole it. It was very successful it made a lot of money. It was very successful; it made a lot of money.