1. What is a sentence fragment? Correcting phrase fragments Correcting subordinate-clause fragments Using fragments for stylistic effect Review A Review B Correcting Sentence Fragments

2. Not all “ sentences ” are created equal. Look at the following two groups of words: The herd stampeded. Frightened by noise. They both begin with a capital. They both end with a period. The herd stampeded. Frightened by noise. The second does not express a complete thought. It is a sentence fragment. BUT The herd stampeded. Frightened by noise. Fragment What is a sentence fragment?

3. A sentence fragment does not have all the basic parts of a complete sentence.complete sentence Has horns shaped like corkscrews. EXAMPLES While it stands five feet high at the shoulder. The kudu, a type of antelope, in Africa. What is a sentence fragment? Fragments do not express a complete thought and are missing important information. No subject Not a complete thought No verb

4. A complete sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Subject Some leaves change color. This piglet needs a bath. Verb SubjectVerb Some leaves change color. This piglet needs a bath. Some leaves change color. What is a sentence fragment? Complete sentence

5. To identify sentence fragments, use a simple test: 1.Does the group of words have a subject? If the answer to any of these questions is no, you have a fragment. 2.Does it have a verb? 3.Does it express a complete thought? What is a sentence fragment?

6. Sentence Rei Noguchi offers several tests to identify sentence fragments.* Turn the word group into the question Did ? Test 1: Yes-No Question If the question makes sense, the word group is a complete sentence. If not, then it is a fragment. You made my lunch.Did you make my lunch? Forgot my car keys. Did forget my car keys? Fragment What is a sentence fragment? *Source: Linguist Rei Noguchi

7. Walking the dog. Fragment Plug the group of words into the frame I know that. Test 2: Frame If the statement makes sense, the word group is a complete sentence. If not, then it is a fragment. He writes well. I know that walking the dog. Sentence I know that he writes well. What is a sentence fragment? *Source: Linguist Rei Noguchi

8. Fragment Add a tag question such as didn ’ t they? or aren ’ t we? to the end. Test 3: Tag question If the question makes sense, the word group is a complete sentence. If not, then it is a fragment. They left early. Sentence To add illustrations. They left early, didn ’ t they? What is a sentence fragment? To add illustrations, aren ’ t we? *Source: Linguist Rei Noguchi

9. Sentence Apply the test to the following group of words: My brother is coming home today. YES My brother is coming home today. What is a sentence fragment? 1.Does the group of words have a subject? 2.Does it have a verb? 3.Does it express a complete thought?

10. Apply the test to the following group of words: Whenever I see a rainbow. What is a sentence fragment? YES NO 1.Does the group of words have a subject? 2.Does it have a verb? 3.Does it express a complete thought? Fragment What happens whenever you see a rainbow?

11. 1.Explained the binary number system. 2.Only the digits 0 and 1 are used in the binary number system. 3.Although it is not the only number system. Identify which of the following are sentence fragments. Be prepared to explain your answer. What is a sentence fragment? 4. Many computer programmers use the binary system.

12. The group of words is a fragment because it has no subject and does not express a complete thought. 1.Explained the binary number system. FRAGMENT Subject:Verb:NoYes. Explained. Complete thought:No What is a sentence fragment? Identify which of the following are sentence fragments. Be prepared to explain your answer.

13. The group of words is a sentence because it has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. 2.Only the digits 0 and 1 are used in the binary number system. SENTENCE Subject: Verb: Yes. Digits. Yes. Are used. Complete thought:Yes What is a sentence fragment? Identify which of the following are sentence fragments. Be prepared to explain your answer.

14. The group of words is a fragment. Although it has a subject and a verb, it does not express a complete thought. 3.Although it is not the only number system. FRAGMENT Subject: Verb: Yes. It. Yes. Is. Complete thought:No What is a sentence fragment? Identify which of the following are sentence fragments. Be prepared to explain your answer.

15. The group of words is a sentence because it has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. 4. Many computer programmers use the binary system. SENTENCE Subject: Verb: Yes. Programmers. Yes. Use. Complete thought:Yes What is a sentence fragment? Identify which of the following are sentence fragments. Be prepared to explain your answer.

16. On Your Own [End of Section] Determine whether each group of words is a fragment or a complete sentence. If the item is a complete sentence, write C. If a subject is missing, write S. If a verb is missing, write V. If the item has a subject and a verb but expresses an incomplete thought, write I. ___ 1.Nina Otero-Warren excelled as an educator, writer, and public official. ___ 2.Was an important influence in her life. ___ 3.Descended from a long line of political leaders. ___ 4. She was one of the first Mexican-American women to hold important public posts in New Mexico. What is a sentence fragment?

17. A phrase is a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb. By itself a phrase is a fragment. Imagine: Your best friend walks in and says... then leaves! A phrase does not make sense by itself. ? During third period! What did she mean, “ During third period ” ? Correcting phrase fragments ? ?

18. Four kinds of phrases are often mistaken for sentences: Verbal phrases Taking photographs. Appositive phrases A well-known peak. Prepositional phrases In a remote valley. Correcting phrase fragments Absolute phrases The extra prints having been made.

19. A verbal is a word that is formed from a verb but is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. runrunning VerbVerbal A verbal phrase is a phrase that contains a verbal. Running a marathon Verbal phrase Correcting phrase fragments Verbal phrases is hard. In this sentence the verbal phrase is the subject, so it acts as a noun.

20. An appositive is a word that identifies a nearby noun or pronoun. An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and its modifiers. The engineer overcame many obstacles. John A. Roebling, the engineer, overcame many obstacles. John A. Roebling, a brilliant bridge engineer, overcame many obstacles. Correcting phrase fragments Appositive phrases

21. An prepositional phrase contains beneath a preposition a noun or pronoun (object of the preposition) any modifiers of the object redwoodsthe towering ancientredwoods Correcting phrase fragments Prepositional phrases

22. a noun or pronoun that the participle or participial phrase modifies An absolute phrase contains having been made a participle or participial phrase any other modifiers of that noun or pronoun prints Correcting phrase fragments Absolute phrases having been madethe extrahaving been madeprints

23. Correcting phrase fragments Absolute phrases An absolute phrase has no grammatical relationship to any particular word in the independent clause it modifies. It modifies the entire independent clause by telling when, where, or why. Dark clouds threatening a storm, the hikers looked for shelter. The absolute phrase tells why the hikers looked for shelter. []

24. There are two ways to fix a phrase fragment: Strategy 1: Add words to form a complete sentence. Verbal phrases Taking photographs. Appositive phrases A well-known peak. I enjoy taking photographs. The Matterhorn, a well-known peak, awed me. Correcting phrase fragments

25. In a remote valley.This picture shows a village in a remote valley. Strategy 1: Add words to form a complete sentence (continued). Prepositional phrases Correcting phrase fragments Absolute phrases The extra prints having been made. The extra prints having been made, I framed a copy for each of my friends.

26. The Matterhorn looms over the village. A well-known peak. Strategy 2: Combine the fragment with a sentence. Verbal phrases I spent my vacation. Taking photographs. Appositive phrases That is the Matterhorn. A well-known peak. I spent my vacation taking photographs. That is the Matterhorn, a well-known peak. Correcting phrase fragments I hiked up the trail. Taking photographs.Taking photographs, I hiked up the trail. The Matterhorn, a well-known peak, looms over the village.

27. The village was situated between two mountains. In a remote valley. The village was situated in a remote valley between two mountains. Strategy 2: Combine the fragment with a sentence (continued). Prepositional phrases We visited a beautiful village. In a remote valley. We visited a beautiful village in a remote valley. Correcting phrase fragments Absolute phrases I framed them as presents for my friends. The extra copies having been made. The extra copies having been made, I framed them as presents for my friends.

28. Make each phrase fragment part of a complete sentence, adding commas where needed. 1.Construction work on the Panama Canal continued. For ten years. 2.Fighting the mosquitoes. An army surgeon drained the swamps. 3.During the canal ’ s construction. Builders faced many obstacles. Correcting phrase fragments 4.An engineering wonder. The canal linked the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

29. Make each phrase fragment part of a complete sentence, adding commas where needed. Correcting phrase fragments 1.Construction work on the Panama Canal continued for ten years. Possible Answer

30. Make each phrase fragment part of a complete sentence, adding commas where needed. Correcting phrase fragments 2.Fighting the mosquitoes, an army surgeon drained the swamps. Possible Answer

31. Correcting phrase fragments Make each phrase fragment part of a complete sentence, adding commas where needed. Possible Answer 3. During the canal ’ s construction, builders faced many obstacles.

32. Correcting phrase fragments Make each phrase fragment part of a complete sentence, adding commas where needed. Possible Answer 4.The canal, an engineering wonder, linked the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

33. [End of Section] Correcting phrase fragments On Your Own Rewrite the following paragraph to correct phrase fragments. Change capitalization and punctuation wherever necessary. Until the early part of the twentieth century. The blacksmith ’ s shop was a familiar sight in the United States. Shoeing horses and making metal wagon parts. Also called a smithy. The blacksmith ’ s shop was often a community meeting place.

34. An independent clause (or main clause) expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence. Subject A barometer measures the pressure of the atmosphere. Verb A barometer measures the pressure of the atmosphere. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments

35. A subordinate clause (or dependent clause) cannot stand by itself as a sentence. Subject when the game finally ended who scored the winning run Verb Subject Verb when the game finally ended who scored the winning run A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. who scored the winning run Correcting subordinate-clause fragments

36. Subordinate clause fragments suggest questions that they do not answer. Although he is a sophomore. Who scored the winning run. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments What happened although he is a sophomore? To whom is this statement referring? It would be complete if it ended with a question mark. When the game finally ended. What happened when the game finally ended?

37. There are two ways to fix a subordinate clause fragment: Who scored the winning run. Strategy 1: Add words to form a complete sentence. Strategy 2: Combine the fragment with a sentence. Although he is a sophomore. He is our best pitcher. Although he is a sophomore, he is our best pitcher. He was the batter who scored the winning run. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments

38. A subordinate clause telling why, where, when, or how is called an adverb clause. Usually you can place an adverb clause before or after the independent clause in a sentence. he is our best pitcher. When the adverb clause comes first, use a comma to separate it from the independent clause. Although he is a sophomore He is our best pitcher although he is a sophomore., Adverb clause

39. Make a complete sentence from each of the following subordinate clauses. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments 1.Which seemed mysterious at first. 2.Unless I can catch a ride with you. 3. After the announcements were made. 4. After the storm had passed.

40. 1.The noises, which seemed mysterious at first, were coming from the air conditioner. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments Make a complete sentence from each of the following subordinate clauses. Possible Answer

41. 2.Unless I can catch a ride with you, I won ’ t be able to attend the meeting tonight. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments Make a complete sentence from each of the following subordinate clauses. Possible Answer

42. 3.Everyone went to the auditorium after the announcements were made. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments Make a complete sentence from each of the following subordinate clauses. Possible Answer

43. 4.After the storm had passed, we went to the pool. Correcting subordinate-clause fragments Make a complete sentence from each of the following subordinate clauses. Possible Answer

44. [End of Section] Correcting subordinate-clause fragments On Your Own Rewrite the following paragraph to correct subordinate clause fragments. Change capitalization and punctuation wherever necessary. Sea urchins have long, movable spines. Which they use to push themselves across the ocean floor. Sea urchins can be eaten in sushi. After they have been harvested and carefully prepared. They may look odd, but they taste delicious!

45. By itself a sentence fragment does not express a complete thought. The endless road. A pitiless sun. Not a scrap of shade in sight. However, an experienced writer may use a fragment for effect if it is clearly related to a nearby sentence. Slamming down the hood of the car, he turned to survey the landscape. The endless road. A pitiless sun. Not a scrap of shade in sight. Using fragments for stylistic effect [End of Section]

46. Identify each fragment as a phrase (P) or a subordinate clause (S). Then, add words to make it a complete sentence. ___ 1.Waving from the car window. ___ 2.That we should practice more. ___ 3.To prepare the garden. ___ 4.In addition to swimming and soccer. ___ 5.When we lived in Milwaukee. Review A

47. The End