1.  Intelligence Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otlmKZeNi-U

2.  Intelligence Genetic and Environmental Influences Intelligence runs in families, but why? Credit: Corbis Images/Picture Quest

3.  Intelligence Genetic and Environmental Influences Twin and Adoption Studies

4. The logic of twin studies: If intelligence (or any other trait) is influenced by genetic factors, then the most genetically similar people should have the most similar intelligence test scores. Credit: Corbis Images/Picture Quest

5. .86.60 The logic of twin studies: If intelligence (or any other trait) is influenced by genetic factors, then the most genetically similar people should have the most similar intelligence test scores. Credit: Corbis Images/Picture Quest

6. .86.60 Heritability: an estimate of the proportion of the variability in a trait that is attributable to genetic factors (heritability estimates for intelligence range from 50% to 75%). Credit: Corbis Images/Picture Quest

7. .86.71 But this graph also shows evidence for a contribution of environmental influences. For example, identical twins separated at birth and reared apart are less similar than identical twins reared together. Credit: Corbis Images/Picture Quest

8. In every country that has been studied, intelligence test scores rose during the 20 th century. As a case in point, in Britain, test scores have risen 27 points since 1942. (This effect is called the Flynn effect, in honor of researcher James Flynn, who first documented its magnitude.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI

9. Early Environmental Influences In one study, Romanian orphans who had minimal interaction with caregivers were observed to suffer delayed development. Credit: Josef Polleross/The Image Works

10. Early Environmental Influences On the bright side, “enrichment” experiences such as Head Start and musical training can enhance intelligence— although the benefits are modest. Credit: Jacques Chenet/Woodfin Camp & Associates

11.  Intelligence Genetic and Environmental Influences Group Differences

12. 0% Gender Similarities and Differences Greater male variability: Boys are overrepresented in the low extreme and the high extreme of the distribution.

13. Gender Similarities and Differences There are also gender differences in mean levels of mental abilities. Females are better spellers than males, and are better in remembering locations of objects.

14. Gender Similarities and Differences Males tend to be better in spatial visualization.

15. Gender Similarities and Differences Male Female Even when gender differences are found, there is always substantial overlap between the score distributions for males and females.

16. Gender Similarities and Differences Male Female Even when gender differences are found, there is always substantial overlap between the score distributions for males and females.

17. Ethnic Similarities and Differences Differences in intelligence test scores are also found between ethnic groups. However, it is important to keep in mind that nature draws no sharp boundaries between races. Credit: P. Almasy / B. Bannister / D. Turnley / H. Yamaguchi / R. Norwitz / P. Almasy

18. Ethnic Similarities and Differences Even if the variation between members within a group reflect genetic differences, the average difference between the group may be wholly due to the environment. Imagine that seeds from the same mixture are sewn in different soils. Height differences within each window box will be genetic, but the height difference between the boxes will be environmental

19. The Question of Bias Although intelligence tests seem to be equally predictive of outcomes such as school grades for males and female, and for members of different ethnic groups, the expectations that a test-taker has of himself or herself can affect test performance. Male Female High Threat Low Threat Number Correct Stereotype threat – a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

20.  Chapter Review What is intelligence? What are key questions about intelligence? What is known about the relationship between intelligence and creativity? What are key components of creativity? Is intelligence neurologically measureable?

21.  Chapter Review What are the origins of intelligence testing? How is intelligence assessed today? What is reliability? Validity? How does intelligence change over time? What is known about genetic vs. environmental influences on intelligence? And group differences?

22.  Chapter Review Question(s) from textbook on material not covered in class: The Question of Bias (pp. 397- 399)